Compounds for treatment of immune inflammatory disorders

ABSTRACT

Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D are provided comprising Formula I, I″ and I′″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof. The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduces the excessive activation of complement.

PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/US16/48787, filed Aug. 25, 2016 which claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Application No. 62/210,391, filed Aug. 26, 2015, which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

An immune disorder occurs when the immune system is not performing in a normal manner. Inflammation is a protective response that involves immune cells, the immune system generally, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. A wide variety of medical disorders are caused by detrimental immune or inflammatory responses, or the inability of a cell to respond to a normal immune or inflammatory process.

The complement system is a part of the innate immune system which does not adapt to changes over the course of the host's life, but is recruited and used by the adaptive immune system. For example, it assists, or complements, the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens. This sophisticated regulatory pathway allows rapid reaction to pathogenic organisms while protecting host cells from destruction. Over thirty proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system. These proteins act through opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis of antigens), chemotaxis (attracting macrophages and neutrophils), cell lysis (rupturing membranes of foreign cells) and agglutination (clustering and binding of pathogens together).

The complement system has three pathways: classical, alternative and lectin. Complement Factor D plays an early and central role in activation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade. Activation of the alternative complement pathway is initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of a thioester bond within C3 to produce C3(H₂O), which associates with Factor B to form the C3(H₂O)B complex. Complement Factor D acts to cleave Factor B within the C3(H₂O)B complex to form Ba and Bb. The Bb fragment remains associated with C3(H₂O) to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase C3(H₂O)Bb. Additionally, C3b generated by any of the C3 convertases also associates with Factor B to form C3bB, which Factor D cleaves to generate the later stage alternative pathway C3 convertase C3bBb. This latter form of the alternative pathway C3 convertase may provide important downstream amplification within all three of the defined complement pathways, leading ultimately to the recruitment and assembly of additional factors in the complement cascade pathway, including the cleavage of C5 to C5a and C5b. C5b acts in the assembly of factors C6, C7, C8, and C9 into the membrane attack complex, which can destroy pathogenic cells by lysing the cell.

The dysfunction of or excessive activation of complement has been linked to certain autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as ischemia-reperfusion injury and cancer. For example, activation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade contributes to the production of C3a and C5a, both potent anaphylatoxins, which also have roles in a number of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, in some instances, it is desirable to decrease the response of the complement pathway, including the alternative complement pathway. Some examples of disorders mediated by the complement pathway include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in industrialized countries. Based on a number of genetic studies, there is evidence of the link between the complement cascade and macular degeneration. Individuals with mutations in the gene encoding complement Factor H have a fivefold increased risk of macular degeneration and individuals with mutations in other complement factor genes also have an increased risk of AMD. Individuals with mutant Factor H also have increased levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation. Without adequate functioning Factor H, the alternative pathway of the complement cascade is overly activated leading to cellular damage. Inhibition of the alternative pathway is thus desired.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a non-malignant, hematological disorder characterized by the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and progeny mature blood cells which are deficient in some surface proteins. PNH erythrocytes are not capable of modulating their surface complement activation, which leads to the typical hallmark of PNH—the chronic activation of complement mediated intravascular anemia. Currently, only one product, the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab, has been approved in the U.S. for treatment of PNH. However, many of the patients treated with eculizumab remain anemic, and many patients continue to require blood transfusions. In addition, treatment with eculizumab requires life-long intravenous injections. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop novel inhibitors of the complement pathway.

Other disorders that have been linked to the complement cascade include atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), abdominal aortic aneurysm, hemodialysis complications, hemolytic anemia, or hemodialysis, neuromylitis (NMO), myasthenia gravis (MG), fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure, dermatomyocitis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Factor D is an attractive target for inhibition or regulation of the complement cascade due to its early and essential role in the alternative complement pathway, and its potential role in signal amplification within the classical and lectin complement pathways. Inhibition of Factor D effectively interrupts the pathway and attenuates the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Examples of Factor D inhibitors or prolyl compounds are described in the following disclosures.

Biocryst Pharmaceuticals U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,340 titled “Compounds useful in the complement, coagulat and kallikrein pathways and method for their preparation” describes fused bicyclic ring compounds that are potent inhibitors of Factor D. Development of the Factor D inhibitor BCX1470 was discontinued due to lack of specificity and short half-life of the compound.

Novartis PCT patent publication WO2012/093101 titled “Indole compounds or analogues thereof useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration” describes certain Factor D inhibitors. Additional Factor D inhibitors are described in Novartis PCT patent publications WO2014/002051, WO2014/002052, WO2014/002053, WO2014/002054, WO2014/002057, WO2014/002058, WO2014/002059, WO2014/005150, and WO2014/009833.

Bristol-Myers Squibb PCT patent publication WO2004/045518 titled “Open chain prolyl urea-related modulators of androgen receptor function” describes open chain prolyl urea and thiourea related compounds for the treatment of androgen receptor-associated conditions, such as age-related diseases, for example, sarcopenia.

Japan Tobacco Inc. PCT patent publication WO1999/048492 titled “Amide derivatives and nociceptin antagonists” describes compounds with a proline-like core and aromatic substituents connected to the proline core through amide linkages useful for the treatment of pain.

Ferring B. V. and Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. LTD. PCT patent publication WO1993/020099 titled “CCK and/or gastrin receptor ligands” describes compounds with a proline-like core and heterocyclic substituents connected to the proline core through amide linkages for the treatment of, for example, gastric disorders or pain.

Alexion Pharmaceuticals PCT patent publication WO1995/029697 titled “Methods and compositions for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and other inflammatory diseases” discloses antibodies directed to C5 of the complement pathway for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and inflammatory conditions involving pathologic activation of the complement system. Alexion Pharmaceutical's anti-C5 antibody eculizumab (Soliris®) is currently the only complement-specific antibody on the market, and is the first and only approved treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).

On Feb. 25, 2015, Achillion Pharmaceuticals filed PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017523 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,090 titled “Alkyne Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017538 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,233 titled “Amide Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017554 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,312 titled “Amino Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017583 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,440 titled “Carbamate, Ester, and Ketone Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017593 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,625 titled “Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Heterocyclic Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017597 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,683 titled “Ether Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017600 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,785 titled “Phosphonate Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017609 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,828 titled “Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/630,959 titled “Factor D Inhibitors Useful for Treating Infectious Disorders.”

Given the wide variety of medical disorders that are caused by detrimental immune or inflammatory responses, new uses and compounds are needed for medical treatment. In one aspect, new uses and compounds are needed to mediate the complement pathway, and for example, which act as Factor D inhibitors for treatment of disorders in a host, including a human, associated with misregulation of the complement cascade, or with undesired result of the complement cascade performing its normal function.

SUMMARY

This invention includes an active compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition, as described herein is used to treat a medical disorder which is an inflammatory or immune condition, a disorder mediated by the complement cascade (including a dysfunctional cascade), a disorder or abnormality of a cell that adversely affects the ability of the cell to engage in or respond to normal complement activity, or an undesired complement-mediated response to a medical treatment, such as surgery or other medical procedure or a pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical drug administration, a blood transfusion, or other allogenic tissue or fluid administration.

These compounds can be used to treat such condition in a host in need thereof, typically a human. The active compound may act as an inhibitor of the complement factor D cascade. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of such a disorder is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as described in more detail below.

In one embodiment, the disorder is associated with the alternative complement cascade pathway. In yet another embodiment, the disorder is associated with the complement classical pathway. In a further embodiment, the disorder is associated with the complement lectin pathway. Alternatively, the active compound or its salt or prodrug may act through a different mechanism of action than the complement cascade, or in particular as a complement factor D inhibitor, to treat the disorder described herein.

In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound to a host of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of wet or dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In other embodiments, an active compound or its salt or prodrug as described herein can be used to treat fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and liver failure, dermatomyocitis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The active compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as disclosed herein is also useful for administration in combination or alternation with a second pharmaceutical agent for use in ameliorating or reducing a side effect of the second pharmaceutical agent. For example, in one embodiment, the active compound may be used in combination with an adoptive cell transfer therapy to reduce an inflammatory response associated with such therapy, for example, a cytokine mediated response such as cytokine response syndrome. In one embodiment, the adoptive cell transfer therapy is a chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell (CAR T) or a dendritic cell used to treat a hematologic or solid tumor, for example, a B-cell related hematologic cancer. In one embodiment, the hematologic or solid tumor is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, or a cancer that expresses CD19. In one embodiment, the associated inflammatory response is a cytokine mediated response.

Another embodiment is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to a host to treat an ocular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or other disorder that can benefit from topical or local delivery.

Any of the compounds described herein (Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″) can be administered to the eye in any desired form of administration, including via intravitreal, intrastromal, intracameral, sub-tenon, sub-retinal, retro-bulbar, peribulbar, suprachorodial, choroidal, subchoroidal, conjunctival, subconjunctival, episcleral, posterior juxtascleralscleral, circumcorneal, and tear duct injections, or through a mucus, mucin, or a mucosal barrier, in an immediate or controlled release fashion.

In other embodiments of the invention, an active compound provided herein can be used to treat or prevent a disorder in a host mediated by complement factor D, or by an excessive or detrimental amount of the complement-C3 amplification loop of the complement pathway. As examples, the invention includes methods to treat or prevent complement associated disorders that are induced by antibody-antigen interactions, a component of an immune or autoimmune disorder or by ischemic injury. The invention also provides methods to decrease inflammation or an immune response, including an autoimmune response, where mediated or affected by factor D.

In another embodiment, a method is provided for treating a host, typically a human, with a disorder mediated by the complement system, that includes administration of a prophylactic antibiotic or vaccine to reduce the possibility of a bacterial infection during the treatment using one of the compounds described herein. In certain embodiments, the host, typically a human, is given a prophylactic vaccine prior to, during or after treatment with one of the compounds described herein. In certain embodiments, the host, typically a human, is given a prophylactic antibiotic prior to, during or after treatment with one of the compounds described herein. In some embodiment, the infection is a meningococcal infection (e.g., septicemia and/or meningitis), an Aspergillus infection, or an infection due to an encapsulated organism, for example, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), especially in children. In other embodiments, the vaccine or antibiotic is administered to the patient after contracting an infection due to, or concommitent with inhibition of the complement system.

The disclosure provides a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof.

A is selected from A1, A1′ and A2.

B is selected from B1, B1′, B2, B3, and B4.

C is selected from C1, C1′, C2, C3, and C4.

L is selected from L1, L1′, L2, and L2′.

L3 is selected from L4 and L5.

At least one of A, B, C, L, or L3 is selected from A2, B3, C3, L2, L2′, or L5.

Or at least one of A, B, C, L, or L3 is selected from A2, B3, C4, L2, L2′, or L5

If C is C1, C1′ or C2, then Formula I includes at least one of A2, B3, L2, L2′ or L5.

If C is C3, then Formula I can be any of A, B, L or L3.

C1 is

Q¹ is N(R¹) or C(R¹R^(1′)).

Q² is C(R²R^(2′)), C(R²R^(2′))—C(R²R^(2′)), S, O, N(R²) or C(R²R^(2′))O.

Q³ is N(R³), S, or C(R³R^(3′)).

X¹ and X² are independently N, CH, or CZ, or X¹ and X² together are C═C.

Q¹, Q², Q³, X¹, and X² are selected such that a stable compound results.

Z is F, Cl, NH₂, CH₃, CH₂D, CHD₂, or CD₃.

R¹, R^(1′), R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) are independently chosen at each occurrence, as appropriate, and only where a stable compound results, from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, aminoC₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —NR⁹C(O)R¹⁰, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NR⁹C(O)OR¹⁰, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), and —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl).

In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R^(1′) or R³ and R^(3′) may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, or S; R² and R^(2′) may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring; or R² and R^(2′) may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring; each of which spiro ring each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently chosen from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₄alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₂-C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring; R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S; or R² and R³, if bound to adjacent carbon atoms, may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently chosen from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₄alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₂-C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R^(1′), R² and R^(2′), or R³ and R^(3′) can be taken together to form a carbonyl group. In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R² or R² and R³ can be taken together to form a carbon-carbon double bond.

Any of the structures illustrated herein, e.g., A1, A1′, A2, B1, B1′, B2, B3, B4, C1, C1′, C2, C3, C4, L1, L1′, L2, L2′, L4 or L5 can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, of an R⁴⁸ substituent.

Non-limiting examples of C1 include the structures of FIG. 1, wherein R and R′ (see FIG. 5) are independently chosen from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted or any other substituent group herein that provides the desired properties. In some embodiments, the ring includes one or more chiral carbon atoms. The invention includes embodiments in which the chiral carbon can be provided as an enantiomer, or mixtures of enantiomers, including a racemic mixture. Where the ring includes more than one stereocenter, all of the enantiomers and diastereomers are included in the invention as individual species, unless stereochemistry is specified.

In one embodiment, C1 is C1′.

Non-limiting examples of C1′ include the structures of FIG. 2:

In one embodiment, a methyl group in a structure illustrated in FIG. 2 can be replaced with a different alkyl group, as defined herein. In another embodiment, the fluoro atoms in the structures illustrated in FIG. 2 can be replaced with any other halogen. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated in FIG. 2 or otherwise can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, with an R⁴⁸ substituent.

C2 is selected from:

wherein q is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and r is 1, 2 or 3.

R⁴⁴, R^(44′), R⁴⁵, R^(45′) are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; wherein each group can be optionally substituted, and such that a stable C2 results.

In one embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R^(44′), R⁴⁵ and R^(45′) or two R⁴⁷ groups can be taken together to form a carbonyl group.

In an alternate embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R^(44′) or R⁴⁵ and R^(45′) or R⁴⁶ and R^(46′) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, or S.

In one embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ or R^(44′) and R^(45′) can be taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents.

Non-limiting examples of C2 include the structures of FIG. 3.

C3 is selected from:

X³ is C(R¹R^(1′)).

X⁴ is N or CH.

X^(4a) is N, CH or CZ.

X⁵ and X⁶ are C(R¹R^(1′)).

In alternative embodiments, X⁴ and X⁵ or X⁵ and X⁶ together are C═C.

X⁷ is SO or SO₂.

X⁸ is C(R¹R^(1′)) or N(R⁴³).

X^(5a) is C(R¹R^(1′)) or O.

Q⁴ is N or CH.

Q⁵ is N(R⁴⁷) or C(R⁴⁶R^(46′)).

Q^(5a) is C(R⁴⁷R⁴⁷), N(R⁴⁷), O, S, SO, or SO₂.

Q⁶ is N(R⁴⁷), C(R⁴⁶R^(46′)), S, or O.

Q⁷ is C(R⁴⁶R^(46′)), S or N(R⁴⁷).

Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, Q¹¹ and Q¹² are each independently C(R²R^(2′)), S, SO, SO₂, O, N(R²), B(R⁵⁰), Si(R⁴⁹)₂, however if X¹ is N and X² is CH then L and B taken together cannot be anisole substituted in the 4 position.

In a typical embodiment, no more than one heteroatom is in a three or four membered C3 and no more than one, two or three heteroatoms can be in a five, six or seven membered C3. It is in general known by those of skill in the art which combinations of several heteroatoms will not form a stable ring system. For example, those of skill in the art would understand that the C3 ring system would not normally contain an —O—O—, —O—S—, —Si—Si—, —B—B—, —B—Si—, bond.

R⁴⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

R⁴² is halo, hydroxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, —SH, or —S(C₁-C₆alkyl).

R⁴³ is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

R⁴⁶ and R^(46′) are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted and at least one of R⁴⁶ or R^(46′) is not hydrogen.

R⁴⁷ is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

R⁴⁹ is halo, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted or two R⁴⁹ groups can be taken together to form a double bond that can be optionally substituted.

R⁵⁰ is hydroxy or C₁-C₆alkyloxy.

In one embodiment, the bridged heterocyclic C3 compounds can be optionally substituted.

In one embodiment, X¹ and Q⁸ or Q⁸ and Q⁹ or Q⁹ and Q¹⁰ or Q¹⁰ and Q¹¹ or Q¹¹ and Q¹² or Q¹² and X² can form a carbon-carbon double bond.

In one embodiment, two Q⁵a groups or a X^(4a) and a Q^(5a) group can form a carbon-carbon double bond.

All variables, including but not limited to X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵, X^(5a), X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁷, Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, Q¹¹, Q¹², R¹, R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁴³, R⁴⁴, R^(44′), R⁴⁵, and R^(45′) are independently chosen at each occurrence, as appropriate, and only where a stable compound results. For example, when C3 is a 7-membered ring and comprises silicon or boron, the ring will only comprise one Si(R⁴⁹)₂ or B(R⁵⁰) moiety. In addition, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7-membered rings will not comprise —O—O— or —O—S— bonds.

Non-limiting examples of C3 include the structures of FIG. 4.

In one embodiment, a methyl group in the structures illustrated in FIG. 4 can be replaced with a different alkyl group, as defined herein. In another embodiment, the fluoro atoms in the structures illustrated above can be replaced with another halo. In another embodiment, halo can be chloro. As indicated above, any of the structures in FIG. 4 or herein can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, with an R⁴ substituent.

In an alternate embodiment, the central core moiety, C3, can comprise a small mimetic of a beta-turn such as a benzodiazepine, a Friedinger lactam, a 2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine-4-carboxylate or a 3-D-glucose scaffold. See, De Marco, R. et al., “In-peptide synthesis of di-oxazolidinone and dehydroamino acid-oxazolidinone motifs as β-turn inducers”, J. Org. Biomol. Chem., 2013, 11, 4316-4326, Hirschmann, R. F. et al., The β-D-Glucose Scaffold as a β-Turn Mimetic, Accounts Chem. Res., 2009, 42, 1511-1520 and Smith, A. B, et al., Accounts of Chem. Res., 2011, 44, 180-193. In another embodiment, the central core moiety, C, can comprise a reverse turn mimetic that can include, but is not limited to; a non-peptidic residue, a metal chelation based mimic, or a foldamer. See, Nair, R. V. et al., “Synthetic turn mimetics and hairpin nucleators: Quo Vadimus?”, Chem. Comm., 2014, 50, 13874-13884. In some embodiments, the central core moiety, C, can comprise a conformationally constrained cyclic amino acid including but not limited to a (S)- or (R)-α-trifluoromethyl pyroglutamic acid derivative. See, Chaume, G. et al., “Concise access to enantiopure (S)- or (R)-α-trifluoromethyl pyroglutamic acids from ethyl trifluoropyruvate-base chiral CF3-oxazolidines (Fox)”, J. Fluor. Chem., 2008, 129, 1104-1109 and Andre, C. et al., “(S)-ABOC: A Rigid Bicyclic β-Amino Acid as Turn Inducer”, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 960-963. In some embodiments, the central core moiety, C, can comprise a monomeric unit of a foldamer such as, but not limited to an oxazolidin-2-one. See, Tomasii, C., Angelicim G. and Castellucci, N., “Foldamers Based on Oxazolidin-2-ones”, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2011, 3648-3669.

Examples of central core small mimetics of a beta-turn, beta turn inducers, reverse turn mimetics and foldamer monomers include, but are not limited to the structures of FIG. 5.

C4 is selected from

R¹⁰¹ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl.

R¹⁰² is C₁-C₄ alkyl, fluorine, chlorin, or bromine.

Non-limiting examples of C4 include

A1 is selected from:

Non-limiting examples of A1 include:

In one embodiment, A1 is A1′.

Non-limiting examples of A1′ include the structures of FIG. 6.

A2 is selected from:

Non-limiting examples of A2 include the structures of FIG. 7.

In one embodiment, additional examples include compounds wherein the 2-methyl pyrimidine is replaced with a R³² moiety.

R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are selected from hydrogen, -JCHO, -JC(O)NH₂, -JC₂-C₆alkanoyl, -JC(O)NH(CH₃), -J-COOH, -JP(O)(OR⁹)₂, -JOC(O)R⁹, -JC(O)OR⁹, -JC(O)N(CH₂CH₂R)(R¹⁰), -JNR⁹C(O)R¹⁰, -JSO₂NH₂, -JS(O)NH₂, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃)NH₂, -JC(O)C₀-C₂alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), -JNR⁹(C₂-C₆alkanoyl), -JNR⁹C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, -JSO₂(C₁-C₆alkyl), -JSO₂(C₁-C₆haloalkyl), -JSO₂NR⁷R⁷, -JSO═NH(C₁-C₆alkyl), -J-nitro, -J-halogen, -J-hydroxyl, -J-phenyl, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, -J-cyano, -J-cyanoimino, -J-amino, -J-imino, —C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl),

each of which R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ other than hydrogen, nitro, halogen, cyano, cyanoimino, or —CHO, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of amino, imino, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, cyanoimino, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R^(4′) is chosen from -JCHO, -JCONH₂, JC₂-C₆alkanoyl, -JSO₂NH₂, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃)NH₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), -JC(O)C₀-C₂alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), JNR⁹(C₂-C₆alkanoyl), JNR⁹C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰,

each of which R^(4′) other than —CHO, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of amino, imino, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, cyanoimino, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R^(6′) is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₄alkoxy; or R⁶ and R^(6′) may be taken together to form an oxo, vinyl, or imino group.

R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl).

R⁸ and R^(8′) are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆alkoxy, and (C₁-C₄alkylamino)C₀-C₂alkyl; or R⁸ and R^(8′) are taken together to form an oxo group; or R⁸ and R^(8′) can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring.

R¹⁶ is absent or is independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, —C₀-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R¹⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, —SO₂C₁-C₆alkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₁-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkyl(aryl), C₀-C₄alkyl(heteroaryl), and wherein R¹⁹ other than hydrogen is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, —COOH, and —C(O)OC₁-C₄alkyl.

X¹¹ is N or CR¹¹.

X¹² is N or CR¹².

X¹³ is N or CR¹³.

X¹⁴ is N or CR¹⁴.

No more than 2 of X¹¹, X¹², X¹³, and X¹⁴ are N.

R¹² and R¹³ are independently chosen from R³¹.

R³¹ is chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, —COOH, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, —C(O)OR⁹, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, —OC(O)R⁹, and —C(NR⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰ each of which R³¹ other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, —COOH, —CONH₂ C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, and each of which R³¹ is also optionally substituted with one substituent chosen from phenyl and 4- to 7-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S; which phenyl or 4- to 7-membered heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkylester, —C₀-C₄alkyl)(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, SF₅, or —S(O)NH₂(R⁹).

R³² represents the same groups as R³¹ and is also depicted as Z³².

R¹¹, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, —O(PO)(OR⁹)₂, —(PO)(OR⁹)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl(aryl), C₂-C₆alkenyl(cycloalkyl), C₂-C₆alkenyl(heterocycle), C₂-C₆alkenyl(heteroaryl), C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl(aryl), C₂-C₆alkynyl(cycloalkyl), C₂-C₆alkynyl(heterocycle), C₂-C₆alkynyl(heteroaryl), C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkoxy(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

X¹⁵ is NH, O, or S.

X¹⁶ is CR¹².

X¹⁷ is N or CR¹³.

X¹⁸ is CR¹².

X¹⁹ is N or CR¹³.

X²⁰ is NH or O.

X²¹ is N or CR¹⁴.

X²² is N or CR¹³.

X²³ is CR¹².

X²⁴ and X²⁵ are each independently O or S.

X²⁶ is N or CR⁴¹.

X²⁷ is CR¹², NH or O.

X²⁸ is N or CH.

X³⁰ is N or CR⁵.

X³¹ is N, C(R⁵⁴)₂ or CR⁵⁴.

X³² is NH, C(R⁵⁴)₂ or CR⁵⁴.

X³³ is —CO— or —SO— or —SO₂—.

X³⁴ is CHR¹³, NH, O, or S.

No more than 2 of X²⁸ are N.

R⁴¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₅cycloalkyl).

R⁴⁸ is independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, -JC₃-C₇cycloalkyl, —B(OH)₂, -JC(O)NR⁹R²³, -JOSO₂OR²¹, —C(O)(CH₂)₁₋₄S(O)R², —O(CH₂)₁₋₄S(O)NR²¹R²², -JOP(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JP(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JOP(O)(OR²¹)R²², -JP(O)(OR²¹)R²², -JOP(O)R²¹R²², -JP(O)R²¹R²², -JSP(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JSP(O)(OR²¹)(R²²), -JSP(O)(R²¹)(R²²), -JNR⁹P(O)(NHR²¹)(NHR²²), -JNR⁹P(O)(OR²¹)(NHR²²), -JNR⁹P(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JC(S)R²¹, -JNR²¹SO₂R²², -JNR⁹S(O)NR¹⁰R²², -JNR⁹SO₂NR¹⁰R²², -JSO₂NR⁹COR²², -JSO₂NR⁹CONR²¹R²², -JNR²¹SO₂R²², -JC(O)NR²¹SO₂R²², -JC(NH₂)═NR²², -JCH(NH₂)NR⁹S(O)₂R²², -JOC(O)NR²¹R²², -JNR²¹C(O)OR²², -JNR²¹OC(O)R²², —(CH₂)₁₋₄C(O)NR²¹R²², -JC(O)NR²⁴R²⁵, -JNR⁹C(O)R²¹, -JC(O)R²¹, -JNR⁹C(O)NR¹⁰R²², —CCR²¹, —(CH₂)₁₋₄OC(O)R²¹, -JC(O)OR²³; each of which R⁴⁸ may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, —B(OH)₂, —Si(CH₃)₃, —COOH, —CONH₂, —P(O)(OH)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆alkoxy, —C₀-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰), C₁-C₆alkylester, C₁-C₄alkylamino, C₁-C₄hydroxylalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, —OC(O)R⁹, —NR⁹C(O)R¹⁰, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NR⁹C(O)OR¹⁰, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R^(48a) is R⁴⁸, S(O)═NHR²¹, SF₅, and JC(R⁹)═NR²¹ and SO₂OR²¹.

R⁵⁴ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, aminoC₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), (phenyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heterocycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl and (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alkyl- wherein the groups can be optionally substituted.

R⁷⁷ and R⁷⁸ are each independently selected from C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (heterocycle)C₀-C₄alkyl and (heteroaryl)C₁-C₄alkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted; or each of which (s) may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from, but not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, —B(OH)₂, —Si(CH₃)₃, —COOH, —CONH₂, —P(O)(OH)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino), C₁-C₆alkylester, C₁-C₄alkylamino, C₁-C₄hydroxylalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

s is 1 or 2.

L is selected from L1, L1′, L2 and L2′.

L1 is a bond or is chosen from the formulas

R¹⁷ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl) and R¹⁸ and R^(18′) are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxymethyl, and methyl; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, L1 is L1′.

Non-limiting examples of L1′ include the structures of FIG. 8.

In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated in FIG. 8 can be replaced with another alkyl group, as defined herein.

L2 is selected from:

Or an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring, an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(aryl); an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(5-membered heteroaryl) selected from pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole and isothiazole or a substituted imidazole; an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(6-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(8-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(9-membered heteroaryl) selected from isoindole, indazole, purine, indolizine, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, and furopyridine; and —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(10-membered heteroaryl); q is 1, 2 or 3.

L2′ is selected from:

R⁵¹ is CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂ or CF₃.

R⁵³ is cyano, nitro, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆alkoxy.

X²⁹ can be O or S.

In certain embodiment, L2 is a bond. In certain embodiments, if L2 is heterocyclic or heteroaryl, then B can be hydrogen.

Non-limiting examples of L2 include the structures of FIG. 9.

In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated in FIG. 9 can be replaced with another alkyl or acyl, as defined herein. In another embodiment, the carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl or heteroaryl rings can be optionally substituted. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated in FIG. 9 or herein can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, of an R⁴⁸ substituent.

L3 is selected from L4 or L5.

L4 is —C(O)—.

L5 is —C(S)—, —P(O)OH—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— or —C(R⁵²)₂— wherein each R⁵² is independently selected from halo, hydrogen, or optionally substituted C1-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments the two R⁵² groups can be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, or S.

B1 is a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(aryl); —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(heteroaryl); or —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(biphenyl), each of which B1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from R³³ and R³⁴, and 0 or 1 substituents chosen from R³⁵ and R³⁶.

R³³ is independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, —COOH, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —SO₂R⁹, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R³⁴ is independently chosen from nitro, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, -JC₃-C₇cycloalkyl, —B(OH)₂, -JC(O)NR⁹R²³, -JOSO₂OR²¹, —C(O)(CH₂)₁₋₄S(O)R²¹, —O(CH₂)₁₋₄S(O)NR²¹R²², -JOP(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JP(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JOP(O)(OR²¹)R²², -JP(O)(OR²¹)R²², -JOP(O)R²R²², -JP(O)R²¹R²², -JSP(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JSP(O)(OR²¹)(R²²), -JSP(O)(R²¹)(R²²), -JNR⁹P(O)(NHR²¹)(NHR²²), -JNR⁹P(O)(OR²¹)(NHR²²), -JNR⁹P(O)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JC(S)R²¹, -JNR²¹SO₂R²², -JNR⁹S(O)NR¹⁰R²², -JNR⁹SO₂NR¹⁰R²², -JSO₂NR⁹COR²², -JSO₂NR⁹CONR²¹R²², -JNR²¹SO₂R²², -JC(O)NR²¹SO₂R²², -JC(NH₂)═NR²², -JCH(NH₂)NR⁹S(O)₂R²², -JOC(O)NR²¹R²², -JNR²¹C(O)OR²², -JNR²¹OC(O)R²², —(CH₂)₁₋₄C(O)NR²¹R²², -JC(O)NR²⁴R²⁵, -JNR⁹C(O)R²¹, -JC(O)R²¹, -JNR⁹C(O)NR¹⁰OR²², —CCR²¹, —(CH₂)₁₋₄OC(O)R²¹, and -JC(O)OR²³; each of which R³⁴ may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, —B(OH)₂, —Si(CH₃)₃, —COOH, —CONH₂, —P(O)(OH)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino), C₁-C₆alkylester, C₁-C₄alkylamino, C₁-C₄hydroxylalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R³⁵ is independently chosen from naphthyl, naphthyloxy, indanyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, and bicyclic heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S, and containing 4- to 7-ring atoms in each ring; each of which R³⁵ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkylester, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —SO₂R⁹, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

R³⁶ is independently chosen from tetrazolyl, (phenyl)C₀-C₂alkyl, (phenyl)C₁-C₂alkoxy, phenoxy, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, B, and S, each of which R³⁶ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkylester, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —SO₂R⁹, —OSi(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃, —Si(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In one additional alternative embodiment B is selected from:

In one additional alternative embodiment R³⁶ is selected from:

In one embodiment R¹ is selected from F, Cl, Br, and C₁-C₆alkyl.

In one embodiment R¹ is selected from hydroxyl and C₁-C₆alkoxy.

In one embodiment R¹ is selected from C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, and C₁-C₆thioalkyl.

In one embodiment R¹ is selected from aminoC₁-C₆alkyl and —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰.

R²¹ and R²² are independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₁-C₄alkylOC(O)OC₁-C₆alkyl, —C₁-C₄alkylOC(O)C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₁-C₄alkylC(O)OC₁-C₆alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)C₀-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S, and each R²¹ and R²² can be optionally substituted. In one embodiment, R²¹ and R²² can be taken together to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.

R²³ is independently chosen at each occurrence from C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)C₀-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S, and each R²³ can be optionally substituted.

R²⁴ and R²⁵ are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group, or a 6- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic group having fused, spiro, or bridged rings, and each R²⁴ and R²⁵ can be optionally substituted.

J is independently chosen at each occurrence from a covalent bond, C₁-C₄alkylene, —OC₁-C₄alkylene, C₂-C₄alkenylene, and C₂-C₄alkynylene.

In one embodiment, B1 is selected from the structures of FIG. 10, wherein R²⁷ is hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl; R²⁸ is hydrogen or halogen; and R²⁹ is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or —Si(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, B1 is B1′. Non-limiting examples of B1′ include the structures of FIGS. 11 A-D.

Examples of B moieties include, but are not limited to

In one embodiment, B is B2 which is selected from the structures of FIG. 12.

In one embodiment B3 is:

-   -   (I) a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; a monocyclic or         bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; a monocyclic, bicyclic, or         tricyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms         independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring         atoms per ring; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(aryl);         —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(heteroaryl); or —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(biphenyl); each of         which B3 is substituted with one or more of the following:         S(O)═N—HR²¹, SF₅, and JC(R⁹)NR²¹;     -   (II) a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group         that has at least one boron or silicon atom in the ring or a a         monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heteroaryl group that has at         least one boron in the ring;     -   (III) a 6-membered aryl group fused to a 5-membered saturated         cyclic group that optionally contains 1 or 2 heteroatoms         independently chosen from N and S wherein one of the CH2 groups         of the 5-membered cyclic group is optionally substituted by oxo         (i.e., ═O) excluding dihydrobenzofuran;     -   (IV) an 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, however;         when A is A1 or A1′; C is C1, C1′ or C2; L is L1 or L1′ and L3         is L4 the following species are excluded:         6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole.     -   (V) a 9-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl group,         however; when A is A1 or A1′; C is C1, C1′ or C2; L is L1 or L1′         and L3 is L4 the following species are excluded:         6-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position,         6-fluoro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position,         6-(methylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position,         and 6-(methoxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position,         7-chloro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine substituted at the eight         position, 7-(methylthio)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine substituted at         the eight position, 7-fluoro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine substituted         at the eight position, 7-methoxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine         substituted at the eight position, 4-fluoro-1H-indole         substituted at the 4 position, [1,2,4]triazole[4,3-a]pyridine         substituted at the 2 position, and         [1,2,4]triazole[4,3-a]pyrimidine substituted at the 3 position;     -   (VI) a 10-membered aryl or heteroaryl group, however; when A is         A1 or A1′; C is C1, C1′ or C2; L is L1 or L1′ and L3 is L4 the         following species are excluded: an unsubstituted         tetrahydroquinoline and         6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]azepine substituted         at the 3-position;     -   (VII) (optionally substituted alkyl)-(optionally substituted         cycloalkyl), (optionally substituted alkenyl)-(optionally         substituted cycloalkyl), or (optionally substituted         alkynyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl);

wherein B3 can be further substituted one or more times with the substituents independently selected from R³⁵, R³⁶ and R⁴⁸.

Non-limiting examples of B3 include the structures of FIG. 13.

In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated in FIG. 13 can be replaced by another alkyl group. In another embodiment, the B3 groups illustrated in FIG. 13 can be optionally substituted. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated in FIG. 13 or otherwise herein can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, with an R⁴⁸ substituent.

In an alternative embodiment, B3 can also be R²¹ when L2 is either an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring, an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(aryl); an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(5-membered heteroaryl) selected from pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole and isothiazole or a substituted imidazole; an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(6-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(8-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(9-membered heteroaryl) selected from isoindole, indazole, purine, indolizine, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, and furopyridine; or an optionally substituted —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(10-membered heteroaryl)

Non-limiting examples of L2-B3 where B3 is R²¹ include the structures of FIG. 14.

B4 is one of the following defined embodiments and is subject to the restriction that either A is A2, or C is C3, or L is L2, or L3 is L5:

-   -   (i) a 4-membered carbocyclic fused to a 5- or 6-membered         heteroaryl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen         from N, O, and S; wherein the 4-5 or 4-6 ring system can be         optionally substituted;     -   (ii) a 4-membered carbocyclic fused to a 6-membered aryl ring         wherein the 4-6 ring system can be optionally substituted;     -   (iii) a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; a monocyclic or         bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; a monocyclic, bicyclic, or         tricyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms         independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring         atoms per ring; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(aryl);         —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(heteroaryl); or —(C₀-C₄alkyl)(biphenyl); each of         which B3 is substituted one or more times with S(O)₂OR²¹     -   (iv) (cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted aryl),         (cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted heteroaryl),         (cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted heterocyclic),         (alkyl)-alkenyl), cycloalkyl-alkenyl;     -   (v) alkyl, (alkyl)-(alkenyl), alkyl(alkynyl), cycloalkyl-alkenyl         each of which can be optionally substituted;     -   (vi) (optionally substituted alkyl)-(optionally substituted         cycloalkyl), (alkenyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl),         (alkynyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl), (optionally         substituted cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl);

wherein B4 can be further substituted 1, 2, 3 or 4 times or more with the substituents independently selected from R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵ R³⁶ and R⁴⁸.

Non-limiting examples of B3 include the structures of FIG. 13.

Non-limiting examples of L2-B3 where B3 is R²¹ include the structures of FIG. 14.

In an alternate embodiment, the R³² group in divalent form can be bonded to B via a linking group to form a compound of Formula I′:

wherein; X⁹ and X¹⁰ are each independently CH₂, NR⁹, O or S;

p is 2 to 10;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound with R³² group in divalent form of Formula IM.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound with the R³² group in divalent form of Formula IN:

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound with the R³² group in divalent form of Formula IO:

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound with the R³² group in divalent form of Formula IP:

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IQ:

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IR:

In an alternate embodiment, the X⁹—(CH₂)_(p)—X¹⁰ moiety can be saturated or partially unsaturated. In another embodiment, the X⁹—(CH₂)_(p)—X¹⁰ moiety can comprise one or more heteroatoms.

In an alternate embodiment, the A group can be bonded to B via a linking group to form a compound of Formula I′A:

wherein;

X⁹ and X¹⁰ are each independently CH₂, NR⁹, O or S;

t is 1, 2, or 3;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IS:

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IT:

In an alternate embodiment, the X⁹—(CH₂)_(t)—X¹⁰ moiety can be saturated or partially unsaturated. In another embodiment, the X⁹—(CH₂)_(t)—X¹⁰ moiety can comprise one or more heteroatoms.

In an alternate embodiment, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula r

or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof.

A is selected from A1, A1′ and A2.

B is selected from B1, B1′, B2, B3 and B4.

L is selected from L1, L1′, L2 and L2′.

L3 is selected from L4 and L5.

R³⁷ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl).

R³⁸ and R³⁹ are independently hydrogen (which as in any other location can be deuterium), C₁-C₆alkyl (including C₁-C₃ alkyl), C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (C₃-C₆cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₂alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₂alkyl-, or a side chain of an amino acid (i.e., a moiety which is found on the carbon linking the amino group and the carboxyl group in an amino acid) or its isomer; each of which is optionally substituted. The R³⁸ and R³⁹ substituents independently include but are not limited to any corresponding R³⁸ and R³⁹ positions found in natural amino acids (or their D-counterpart) (i.e., the substituents on the carbon between the carbonyl and the amino group) and non-proteogenic amino acids, such as serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, selenocysteine, glycine (e.g., hydrogen), alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine, glutamine, arginine, histidine, proline, hydroxyproline, selenomethionine, lanthionine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid or dehydroalanine (i.e., R³⁸ or R³⁹ is an exo-double bond), with optional protection of functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, thiol, etc.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound or salt of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also disclosed.

The present invention thus includes at least the following features:

-   (a) a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, for use in     treating or preventing a disorder listed in the Detailed     Description, Part IV, including but not limited to the development     of fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, such as     nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis,     or liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;     cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics     (e.g. CAR T-cell therapy); paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria     (PNH), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular     degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, other ophthalmic diseases     (e.g., geographic atrophy), a respiratory disease or a     cardiovascular disease; -   (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable composition of a compound of     Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or its pharmaceutically     acceptable salt in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; -   (c) a compound selected from Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or     a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, for use in     treating or preventing a disorder mediated by the complement     pathway, and for example, cascade Factor D; -   (d) use of a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″, as     described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug     thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or     preventing a disorder listed in the Detailed Description, Part IV,     including but not limited to the development of fatty liver and     conditions stemming from fatty liver, such as nonalcoholic     steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver     failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or     inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics (e.g. CAR     T-cell therapy); paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH),     rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular     degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, other ophthalmic diseases     (e.g., geographic atrophy), a respiratory disease or a     cardiovascular disease; -   (e) a process for manufacturing a medicament intended for the     therapeutic use for treating or preventing a disorder listed in the     Detailed Description, Part IV, or generally for treating or     preventing disorders mediated by complement cascade Factor D,     characterized in that a compound selected from Formula I, Formula I′     or Formula I″ or an embodiment of the active compound is used in the     manufacture; -   (f) a compound selected from Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ or     a salt thereof as described herein in substantially pure form (e.g.,     at least 90 or 95%): -   (g) a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ as described     herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof,     for use in treating a medical disorder which is an inflammatory or     immune condition, a disorder mediated by the complement cascade     (including a dysfunctional cascade), a disorder or abnormality of a     cell that adversely affects the ability of the cell to engage in or     respond to normal complement activity, or an undesired     complement-mediated response to a medical treatment, such as surgery     or other medical procedure or a pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical     drug administration, a blood transfusion, or other allogenic tissue     or fluid administration. -   (h) For each of (a) through (g) above, and otherwise herein, each     assembly of moieties in the Figures and each active compound made     therefrom or its use is considered and deemed specifically and     individually disclosed, as such depiction is for convenience of     space only and not intended to describe a only a genus or even a     subgenus for such indication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 provides non-limiting specific embodiments of the Central Core ring, wherein R, R′, and R³ are defined below.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H, 2I, 2J, 2K, 2L, and 2M, provide non-limiting embodiments of C1′, wherein R³ is as defined herein.

FIG. 3 provides non-limiting embodiments of C2.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 4G, 4H, 4I, 4J, 4K, 4L, 4M, and 4N, provide non-limiting embodiments of C3.

FIG. 5 provides non-limiting embodiments of central core small mimetics of a beta-turn, beta turn inducers, reverse turn mimetics and foldamer monomers.

FIG. 6 provides non-limiting embodiments of A1′, wherein R³² is defined below.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, and 7E, provide non-limiting embodiments of A2, wherein R³² is defined below.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D, provide non-limiting embodiments of L1′.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H, 9I, and 9J, provide non-limiting embodiments of L2.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D, provide non-limiting specific embodiments of B1 rings, wherein R²⁷, R²⁸, and R²⁹ are defined below.

FIG. 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, provide non-limiting specific embodiments of B1′ rings, wherein halo is selected from F, Cl, Br, or I.

FIG. 12 provides specific embodiments of B2 rings.

FIGS. 13A, 13B, 13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, 13G, 13H, 13I, 13J, 13K, 13L, 13M, 13N, 13O, 13P, 13Q, 13R, 13S, 13T, 13U, 13V, 13W, 13X, 13Y, and 13Z, provide specific embodiments of B3 moieties

FIG. 14 provides non-limiting embodiments of L2-B3 wherein B3 is R²¹, and R²¹ is defined below.

FIGS. 15A and 15B provide non-limiting embodiments of R³².

FIGS. 16A, 16B, 16C, 16D, 16E, 16F, 16G 16H, 16I, 16J, 16K, 16L, 16M, and 16N provide non-limiting examples of compounds included in the present invention, wherein Z₃₂ is the same as R³² as used herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Terminology

Compounds are described using standard nomenclature. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The compounds in any of the Formulas described herein include enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, racemates and other isomers, such as rotamers, as if each is specifically described, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise clear from the context.

The terms “a” and “an” do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The term “or” means “and/or”. Recitation of ranges of values are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The endpoints of all ranges are included within the range and independently combinable. All methods described herein can be performed in a suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”), is intended merely to better illustrate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The present invention includes compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″ with at least one desired isotopic substitution of an atom, at an amount above the natural abundance of the isotope, i.e., enriched. Isotopes are atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers, i.e., the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸F ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ³⁶CI, ¹²⁵I respectively. In one embodiment, isotopically labelled compounds can be used in metabolic studies (with ¹⁴C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example ²H or ³H), detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. In particular, an ¹⁸F labeled compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies. Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen, for example, deuterium (²H) and tritium (³H) may be used anywhere in described structures that achieves the desired result. Alternatively or in addition, isotopes of carbon, e.g., ¹³C and ¹⁴C, may be used. In one embodiment, the isotopic substitution is deuterium for hydrogen at one or more locations on the molecule to improve the performance of the drug, for example, the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, half-life, stability, AUC, Tmax, Cmax, etc. For example, the deuterium can be bound to carbon in a location of bond breakage during metabolism (an α-deuterium kinetic isotope effect) or next to or near the site of bond breakage (a β-deuterium kinetic isotope effect).

Isotopic substitutions, for example deuterium substitutions, can be partial or complete. Partial deuterium substitution means that at least one hydrogen is substituted with deuterium. In certain embodiments, the isotope is 90, 95 or 99% or more enriched in an isotope at any location of interest. In one embodiments deuterium is 90, 95 or 99% enriched at a desired location. Unless otherwise stated, the enrichment at any point is above natural abundance and enough to alter a detectable property of the drug in a human.

In one embodiment, the substitution of a hydrogen atom for a deuterium atom can be provided in any of A1, A1′, A2, B1, B1′, B2, B3, B4, C1, C1′, C2, C3, C4, L1, L1′, L2, L2′, L4 or L5. In one embodiment, the substitution of a hydrogen atom for a deuterium atom occurs within an R group selected from any of R, R′, R¹, R^(1′), R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R⁸, R^(8′), R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁹, R²¹, R²², R²³, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷, R³⁸, R³⁹, R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵, R⁴⁶, R⁴⁷, R⁴⁸, R⁴⁹, R⁵⁰, R⁵¹, R⁵², R⁵³, R⁵⁴, R¹⁰¹ or R¹⁰². For example, when any of R groups are, or contain for example through substitution, methyl, ethyl, or methoxy, the alkyl residue may be deuterated (in nonlimiting embodiments, CD₃, CH₂CD₃, CD₂CD₃, CDH₂, CD₂H, CD₃, CHDCH₂D, CH₂CD₃, CHDCHD₂, OCDH₂, OCD₂H, or OCD₃ etc.). In certain other embodiments, an R group has a “‘” or an “a” designation, which in one embodiment can be deuterated. In certain other embodiments, when two substituents of the central core ring are combined to form a cyclopropyl ring, the unsubstituted methylene carbon may be deuterated.

The compound of the present invention may form a solvate with solvents (including water). Therefore, in one embodiment, the invention includes a solvated form of the active compound. The term “solvate” refers to a molecular complex of a compound of the present invention (including a salt thereof) with one or more solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of solvents are water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone and other common organic solvents. The term “hydrate” refers to a molecular complex comprising a compound of the invention and water. Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D₂O, d₆-acetone, d₆-DMSO. A solvate can be in a liquid or solid form.

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —(C═O)NH₂ is attached through carbon of the keto (C═O) group.

The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a moiety selected from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded and the resulting compound is stable. For example, when the substituent is oxo (i.e., ═O) then two hydrogens on the atom are replaced. For example a pyridyl group substituted by oxo is a pyridone. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates.

A stable active compound refers to a compound that can be isolated and can be formulated into a dosage form with a shelf life of at least one month. A stable manufacturing intermediate or precursor to an active compound is stable if it does not degrade within the period needed for reaction or other use. A stable moiety or substituent group is one that does not degrade, react or fall apart within the period necessary for use. Nonlimiting examples of unstable moieties are those that combine heteroatoms in an unstable arrangement, as typically known and identifiable to those of skill in the art.

Any suitable group may be present on a “substituted” or “optionally substituted” position that forms a stable molecule and meets the desired purpose of the invention and includes, but is not limited to, e.g., halogen (which can independently be F, Cl, Br or I); cyano; hydroxyl; nitro; azido; alkanoyl (such as a C₂-C₆ alkanoyl group); carboxamide; alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy such as phenoxy; alkylthio including those having one or more thioether linkages; alkylsulfinyl; alkylsulfonyl groups including those having one or more sulfonyl linkages; aminoalkyl groups including groups having one or more N atoms; aryl (e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, or the like, each ring either substituted or unsubstituted aromatic); arylalkyl having for example, 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 14 or 18 ring carbon atoms, with benzyl being an exemplary arylalkyl group; arylalkoxy, for example, having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings with benzyloxy being an exemplary arylalkoxy group; or a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocyclic group having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings with one or more N, O or S atoms, e.g. coumarinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, and pyrrolidinyl. Such heterocyclic groups may be further substituted, e.g. with hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen and amino. In certain embodiments “optionally substituted” includes one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, —CHO, —COOH, —CONH₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkylester, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, ester, carbamate, urea, sulfonamide, —C₁-C₆alkyl(heterocyclo), C₁-C₆alkyl(heteroaryl), —C₁-C₆alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), O—C₁-C₆alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), B(OH)₂, phosphate, phosphonate and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

“Alkyl” is a branched or straight chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group. In one embodiment, the alkyl contains from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more generally from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the alkyl contains from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is C₁-C₂, C₁-C₃, C₁-C₄, C₁-C₅ or C₁-C₆. The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species. For example, the term C₁-C₆ alkyl as used herein indicates a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species. For example, the term C₁-C₄alkyl as used herein indicates a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species. When C₀-C_(n) alkyl is used herein in conjunction with another group, for example, (C₃. C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄ alkyl, or —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), the indicated group, in this case cycloalkyl, is either directly bound by a single covalent bond (C₀alkyl), or attached by an alkyl chain in this case 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Alkyls can also be attached via other groups such as heteroatoms as in —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl). Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, and hexyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is optionally substituted as described above. In one embodiment, trimethylsilyl can be used instead of t-butyl.

In one embodiment, when a term is used that includes “alk” it should be understood that “cycloalkyl” or “carbocyclic” can be considered part of the definition, unless unambiguously excluded by the context. For example and without limitation, the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkenyloxy, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, etc. can all be considered to include the cyclic forms of alkyl, unless unambiguously excluded by context.

“Alkenyl” is a branched or straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds that may occur at a stable point along the chain. Nonlimiting examples are C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₇alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₅alkenyl and C₂-C₄alkenyl. The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkenyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety. Examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl and propenyl. In one embodiment, the alkenyl group is optionally substituted as described above.

“Alkynyl” is a branched or straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur at any stable point along the chain, for example, C₂-C₈alkynyl or C₂-C₆alkynyl. The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkynyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety. Examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl and 5-hexynyl. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group is optionally substituted as described above.

“Alkylene” is a bivalent saturated hydrocarbon. Alkylenes, for example, can be a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 to 8 carbon moiety, 1 to 6 carbon moiety, or an indicated number of carbon atoms, for example C₁-C₂alkylene, C₁-C₃alkylene, C₁-C₄alkylene, C₁-C₅alkylene, or C₁-C₆alkylene.

“Alkenylene” is a bivalent hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenylenes, for example, can be a 2 to 8 carbon moiety, 2 to 6 carbon moiety, or an indicated number of carbon atoms, for example C₂-C₄alkenylene.

“Alkynylene” is a bivalent hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynylenes, for example, can be a 2 to 8 carbon moiety, 2 to 6 carbon moiety, or an indicated number of carbon atoms, for example C₂-C₄alkynylene.

“Alkoxy” is an alkyl group as defined above covalently bound through an oxygen bridge (—O—). Examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, 2-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy. Similarly an “alkylthio” or a “thioalkyl” group is an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms covalently bound through a sulfur bridge (—S—). In one embodiment, the alkoxy group is optionally substituted as described above.

“Alkenyloxy” is an alkenyl group as defined covalently bound to the group it substitutes by an oxygen bridge (—O—).

“Alkanoyl” is an alkyl group as defined above covalently bound through a carbonyl (C═O) bridge. The carbonyl carbon is included in the number of carbons, that is C₂alkanoyl is a CH₃(C═O)— group. In one embodiment, the alkanoyl group is optionally substituted as described above.

“Alkylester” is an alkyl group as defined herein covalently bound through an ester linkage. The ester linkage may be in either orientation, e.g., a group of the formula —O(C═O)alkyl or a group of the formula —(C═O)Oalkyl.

“Amide” or “carboxamide” is —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b) wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, for example, C₁-C₆alkyl, alkenyl, for example, C₂-C₆alkenyl, alkynyl, for example, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkyl(aryl), and —C₀-C₄alkyl(heteroaryl); or together with the nitrogen to which they are bonded, R^(a) and R^(b) can form a C₃-C₇heterocyclic ring. In one embodiment, the R^(a) and R^(b) groups are each independently optionally substituted as described herein.

“Carbocyclic group”, “carbocyclic ring”, or “cycloalkyl” is a saturated or partially unsaturated (i.e., not aromatic) group containing all carbon ring atoms. A carbocyclic group typically contains 1 ring of 3 to 7 carbon atoms or 2 fused rings each containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl substituents may be pendant from a substituted nitrogen or carbon atom, or a substituted carbon atom that may have two substituents can have a cycloalkyl group, which is attached as a spiro group. Examples of carbocyclic rings include cyclohexenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopropyl rings. In one embodiment, the carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted as described above. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a partially unsaturated (i.e., not aromatic) group containing all carbon ring atoms. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a saturated group containing all carbon ring atoms.

“Carbocyclic-oxy group” is a monocyclic carbocyclic ring or a mono- or bi-cyclic carbocyclic group as defined above attached to the group it substitutes via an oxygen, —O—, linker.

“Haloalkyl” indicates both branched and straight-chain alkyl groups substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms, up to the maximum allowable number of halogen atoms. Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, and penta-fluoroethyl.

“Haloalkoxy” indicates a haloalkyl group as defined herein attached through an oxygen bridge (oxygen of an alcohol radical).

“Hydroxyalkyl” is an alkyl group as previously described, substituted with at least one hydroxyl substituent.

“Aminoalkyl” is an alkyl group as previously described, substituted with at least one amino substituent.

“Halo” or “halogen” indicates independently, any of fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

“Aryl” indicates an aromatic group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring or rings. In one embodiment, the aryl group contains 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and is 6 to about 14 or 18 ring atoms, without heteroatoms as ring members. When indicated, such aryl groups may be further substituted with carbon or non-carbon atoms or groups. Such substitution may include fusion to a 4 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic group that optionally contains 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, S, P, B and Si, to form, for example, a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group. Aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and naphthyl, including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl. In one embodiment, aryl groups are pendant. An example of a pendant ring is a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. In one embodiment, the aryl group is optionally substituted as described above.

The term “heterocycle,” or “heterocyclic ring” as used herein refers to a saturated or a partially unsaturated (i.e., having one or more double and/or triple bonds within the ring without aromaticity) carbocyclic moiety of 3 to about 12, and more typically 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 10 ring atoms in which at least one ring atom is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon and boron, the remaining ring atoms being C, where one or more ring atoms is optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described above. A heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, S, Si and B) or a bicycle having 6 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, S, Si and B), for example: a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is nitrogen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is oxygen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is sulfur, boron or silicon. Heterocycles are described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960) 82:5566. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidino, piperidonyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, pyrazolidinylimidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 6-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.2]hexanyl, 3H-indolyl, quinolizinyl, N-pyridyl ureas, and pyrrolopyrimidine. Spiro moieties are also included within the scope of this definition. Examples of a heterocyclic group wherein 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms are substituted with oxo (═O) moieties are pyrimidinonyl and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. The heterocycle groups herein are optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein, for example, 1, 2 or 3 substituents.

“Heterocyclicoxy group” is a monocyclic heterocyclic ring or a bicyclic heterocyclic group as described previously linked to the group it substitutes via an oxygen, —O—, linker.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a stable monocyclic aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 3, or in some embodiments from 1 to 2, heteroatoms chosen from N, O, S, and B with remaining ring atoms being carbon, or a stable bicyclic or tricyclic system containing at least one 5, 6 or 7 membered aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 3, or in some embodiments from 1 to 2, heteroatoms chosen from N, O, S, and B with remaining ring atoms being carbon. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is nitrogen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is oxygen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is sulfur or boron. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups typically have from 5, 6 or 7 ring atoms. In some embodiments bicyclic heteroaryl groups are 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl groups, that is, groups containing 9 or 10 ring atoms in which one 5, 6 or 7 member aromatic ring is fused to a second aromatic or non-aromatic ring. When the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group exceeds 1, these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. In one embodiment, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 2. In another embodiment, the total number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than 1. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl (including, for example, 2-hydroxypyridinyl), imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl (including, for example, 4-hydroxypyrimidinyl), pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and furopyridinyl. Heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. “Heteroaryloxy” is a heteroaryl group as described bound to the group it substituted via an oxygen, —O—, linker.

“Heterocycloalkyl” is a saturated ring group. It may have, for example, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, S, O, Si and B with remaining ring atoms being carbon. In a typical embodiment, nitrogen is the heteroatom. Monocyclic heterocycloalkyl groups typically have from 3 to about 8 ring atoms or from 4 to 6 ring atoms. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, and pyrrolinyl.

The term “mono- and/or di-alkylamino” indicate a secondary or tertiary alkylamino group, wherein the alkyl groups are independently chosen alkyl groups, as defined herein. The point of attachment of the alkylamino group is on the nitrogen. Examples of mono- and di-alkylamino groups include ethylamino, dimethylamino, and methyl-propyl-amino.

A “dosage form” means a unit of administration of an active agent. Examples of dosage forms include tablets, capsules, injections, suspensions, liquids, emulsions, implants, particles, spheres, creams, ointments, suppositories, inhalable forms, transdermal forms, buccal, sublingual, topical, gel, mucosal, and the like. A “dosage form” can also include an implant, for example an optical implant.

“Pharmaceutical compositions” are compositions comprising at least one active agent, and at least one other substance, such as a carrier. “Pharmaceutical combinations” are combinations of at least two active agents which may be combined in a single dosage form or provided together in separate dosage forms with instructions that the active agents are to be used together to treat any disorder described herein.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is a derivative of the disclosed compound in which the parent compound is modified by making inorganic and organic, pharmaceutically acceptable, acid or base addition salts thereof. The salts of the present compounds can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or the like), or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid. Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are typical, where practicable. Salts of the present compounds further include solvates of the compounds and of the compound salts.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts and the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, conventional non-toxic acid salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, mesylic, esylic, besylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, HOOC—(CH₂)_(n)—COOH where n is 0-4, and the like, or using a different acid that produces the same counterion. Lists of additional suitable salts may be found, e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., p. 1418 (1985).

The term “carrier” applied to pharmaceutical compositions/combinations of the invention refers to a diluent, excipient, or vehicle with which an active compound is provided.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition/combination that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise inappropriate for administration to a host, typically a human. In one embodiment, an excipient is used that is acceptable for veterinary use.

A “patient” or “host” or “subject” is a human or non-human animal in need of treatment or prevention of any of the disorders as specifically described herein, including but not limited to by modulation of the complement Factor D pathway. Typically the host is a human. A “patient” or “host” or “subject” also refers to for example, a mammal, primate (e.g., human), cows, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, mice, fish, bird and the like.

A “prodrug” as used herein, means a compound which when administered to a host in vivo is converted into a parent drug. As used herein, the term “parent drug” means any of the presently described chemical compounds described herein. Prodrugs can be used to achieve any desired effect, including to enhance properties of the parent drug or to improve the pharmaceutic or pharmacokinetic properties of the parent. Prodrug strategies exist which provide choices in modulating the conditions for in vivo generation of the parent drug, all of which are deemed included herein. Nonlimiting examples of prodrug strategies include covalent attachment of removable groups, or removable portions of groups, for example, but not limited to acylation, phosphorylation, phosphonylation, phosphoramidate derivatives, amidation, reduction, oxidation, esterification, alkylation, other carboxy derivatives, sulfoxy or sulfone derivatives, carbonylation or anhydride, among others.

“Providing a compound with at least one additional active agent,” for example, in one embodiment can mean that the compound and the additional active agent(s) are provided simultaneously in a single dosage form, provided concomitantly in separate dosage forms, or provided in separate dosage forms for administration. In one embodiment, the compound administrations are separated by some amount of time that is within the time in which both the compound and the at least one additional active agent are within the blood stream of a patient. In certain embodiments the compound and the additional active agent need not be prescribed for a patient by the same medical care worker. In certain embodiments the additional active agent or agents need not require a prescription. Administration of the compound or the at least one additional active agent can occur via any appropriate route, for example, oral tablets, oral capsules, oral liquids, inhalation, injection, suppositories, parenteral, sublingual, buccal, intravenous, intraaortal, transdermal, polymeric controlled delivery, non-polymeric controlled delivery, nano or microparticles, liposomes, and/or topical contact.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a pharmaceutical composition/combination of this invention means an amount effective, when administered to a host, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as an amelioration of symptoms or reduction or dimunition of the disease itself. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to prevent a significant increase or will significantly reduce the detectable level of complement Factor D in the patient's blood, serum, or tissues.

II. Detailed Description of the Active Compounds

According to the present invention, a compound of Formula I is provided:

as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof. Formula I can be considered to have a central core C, an L substituent, a B substituent, and a L3-A substituent. Formula I comprises at least one of the A2, B3, C3, L2, L2′, or L5 (and in certain embodiments, C4) moieties described herein. The invention includes a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof. In one embodiment, the compound is an inhibitor of complement factor D, and therefore can be used as an effective amount to treat a host in need of complement factor D modulation. In another embodiment, the compound acts through a mechanism other than inhibition of complement D to treat a disorder described herein in a host, typically a human.

The present invention also includes a compound with the R³² group in divalent form the R³² group in divalent form of Formula I′:

as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof. Formula I′ has a central core C moiety, an A substituent, a L3 substituent, a L substituent, a B substituent and a —X⁹—(CH₂)_(p)—X¹⁰ linker. In one embodiment a compound of Formula I′ is an inhibitor of complement factor D, and therefore can be used as an effective amount to treat a host in need of complement factor D modulation. Alternatively, the compound may act through a different mechanism of action to treat the disorders described herein.

In addition, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I″:

as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof. Formula I″ has s

moiety, an A substituent, a L3 substituent, a L substituent and a B substituent. Compounds of Formula I″, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof, are suitable inhibitors of complement factor D, and therefore can be used as an effective amount to treat a host in need of complement factor D modulation.

Non-limiting examples of compounds falling within Formula I and Formula I′ with variations in the variables e.g., A, B, R¹-R^(3′), and L, are described below.

Non-limiting examples of compounds falling within Formula I″ with variations in the variables e.g., R³⁷, R³⁸, R³⁹, A, B, L and L3 are described below. The disclosure includes all combinations of these definitions as long as a stable compound results.

In certain embodiments, any of the active compounds can be provided in its N-oxide form to a patient in need thereof. In a different embodiment, an N-oxide of one of the active compounds or a precursor of the active compound is used in a manufacturing scheme. In yet another embodiment, the N-oxide is a metabolite of administration of one of the active compounds herein, and may have independent activity. The N-oxide can be formed by treating the compound of interest with an oxidizing agent, for example a suitable peroxyacid or peroxide, to generate an N-oxide compound. For example, a heteroaryl group, for example a pyridyl group, can be treated with an oxidizing agent such as sodium percarbonate in the presence of a rhenium-based catalyst under mild reaction conditions to generate an N-oxide compound. A person skilled in the art will understand that appropriate protecting groups may be necessary to carry out the chemistry. See, Jain, S. L. et al., “Rhenium-Catalyzed Highly Efficient Oxidations of Tertiary Nitrogen Compounds to N-Oxides Using Sodium Percarbonate as Oxygen Source, Synlett, 2261-2663, 2006.

In other embodiments, any of the active compounds with a sulfur can be provided in its sulfoxide or sulfone form to a patient in need thereof. In a different embodiment, a sulfoxide or sulfone of one of the active compounds or a precursor of the active compound is used in a manufacturing scheme. A sulfur atom in a selected compound as described herein can be oxidized to form a sulfoxide

or a sulfone

using known methods. For example, the compound 1,3,5-triazo-2,4,6-triphosphorine-2,2,4,4,6,6-tetrachloride (TAPC) is an efficient promoter for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. See, Bahrami, M et al., “TAPC-Promoted Oxidation of sulfides and Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides”, J. Org. Chem., 75, 6208-6213 (2010). Oxidation of sulfides with 30% hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by tantalum carbide provides sulfoxides in high yields, see, Kirihara, A., et al., “Tantalum Carbide or Niobium Carbide Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide: Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Syntheses of Sulfoxides and Sulfones”, Synlett, 1557-1561 (2010). Sulfides can be oxidized to sulfones using, for example, niobium carbide as the catalyst, see, Kirihara, A., et al., “Tantalum Cardide or Niobium Carbide Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide: Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Syntheses of Sulfoxides and Sulfones”, Synlett, 1557-1561 (2010). Urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct is a stable inexpensive and easily handled reagent for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfones, see Varma, R. S. and Naicker, K. P., “The Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide Complex: Solid-State Oxidative Protocols for Hydroxylated Aldehydes and Ketones (Dakin Reaction), Nitriles, Sulfides, and Nitrogen Heterocycles”, Org. Lett., 1, 189-191 (1999). One skilled in the art will appreciate that other heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, may need to be protected and then deprotected while carrying out the oxidation of a sulfur atom to produce the desired compound. Formulas 2 through 654

In one aspect, the disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formulas 2-654 for any use and in any composition described in this application.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds within the Present Invention. Formula No. Formula 2 A1L4C1L1B3 3 A1L4C1L1’B3 4 A1L4C1L2B1 5 A1L4C1L2B1’ 6 A1L4C1L2B2 7 A1L4C1L2B3 8 A1L4C1’L1B3 9 A1L4C1’L1’B3 10 A1L4C1’L2B1 11 A1L4C1’L2B1’ 12 A1L4C1’L2B2 13 A1L4C1’L2B3 14 A1L4C2L1B3 15 A1L4C2L1’B3 16 A1L4C2L2B1 17 A1L4C2L2B1’ 18 A1L4C2L2B2 19 A1L4C2L2B3 20 A1L4C3L1B1 21 A1L4C3L1B1’ 22 A1L4C3L1B2 23 A1L4C3L1B3 24 A1L4C3L1’B1 25 A1L4C3L1’B1’ 26 A1L4C3L1’B2 27 A1L4C3L1’B3 28 A1L4C3L2B1 29 A1L4C3L2B1’ 30 A1L4C3L2B2 31 A1L4C3L2B3 32 A1L5C1L1B1 33 A1L5C1L1B1’ 34 A1L5C1L1B2 35 A1L5C1L1B3 36 A1L5C1L1’B1 37 A1L5C1L1’B1’ 38 A1L5C1L1’B2 39 A1L5C1L1’B3 40 A1L5C1L2B1 41 A1L5C1L2B1’ 42 A1L5C1L2B2 43 A1L5C1L2B3 44 A1L5C1’L1B1 45 A1L5C1’L1B1’ 46 A1L5C1’L1B2 47 A1L5C1’L1B3 48 A1L5C1’L1’B1 49 A1L5C1’L1’B1’ 50 A1L5C1’L1’B2 51 A1L5C1’L1’B3 52 A1L5C1’L2B1 53 A1L5C1’L2B1’ 54 A1L5C1’L2B2 55 A1L5C1’L2B3 56 A1L5C2L1B1 57 A1L5C2L1B1’ 58 A1L5C2L1B2 59 A1L5C2L1B3 60 A1L5C2L1’B1 61 A1L5C2L1’B1’ 62 A1L5C2L1’B2 63 A1L5C2L1’B3 64 A1L5C2L2B1 65 A1L5C2L2B1’ 66 A1L5C2L2B2 67 A1L5C2L2B3 68 A1L5C3L1B1 69 A1L5C3L1B1’ 70 A1L5C3L1B2 71 A1L5C3L1B3 72 A1L5C3L1’B1 73 A1L5C3L1’B1’ 74 A1L5C3L1’B2 75 A1L5C3L1’B3 76 A1L5C3L2B1 77 A1L5C3L2B1’ 78 A1L5C3L2B2 79 A1L5C3L2B3 80 A1’L4C1L1B3 81 A1’L4C1L1’B3 82 A1’L4C1L2B1 83 A1’L4C1L2B1’ 84 A1’4C1L2B2 85 A1’4C1L2B3 86 A1’L4C1’L1B3 87 A1’L4C1’L1’B3 88 A1’L4C1’L2B1 89 A1’L4C1’L2B1’ 90 A1’L4C1’L2B2 91 A1’L4C1’L2B3 92 A1’L4C2L1B3 93 A1’L4C2L1’B3 94 A1’L4C2L2B1 95 A1’L4C2L2B1’ 96 A1’L4C2L2B2 97 A1’L4C2L2B3 98 A1’L4C3L1B1 99 A1’L4C3L1B1’ 100 A1’L4C3L1B2 101 A1’L4C3L1B3 102 A1’L4C3L1’B1 103 A1’L4C3L1’B1’ 104 A1’L4C3L1’B2 105 A1’L4C3L1’B3 106 A1’L4C3L2B1 107 A1’L4C3L2B1’ 108 A1’L4C3L2B2 109 A1’L4C3L2B3 110 A1’L5C1L1B1 111 A1’L5C1L1B1’ 112 A1’L5C1L1B2 113 A1’L5C1L1B3 114 A1’L5C1L1’B1 115 A1’L5C1L1’B1’ 116 A1’L5C1L1’B2 117 A1’L5C1L1’B3 118 A1’L5C1L2B1 119 A1’L5C1L2B1’ 120 A1’L5C1L2B2 121 A1’L5C1L2B3 122 A1’L5C1’L1B1 123 A1’L5C1’L1B1’ 124 A1’L5C1’L1B2 125 A1’L5C1’L1B3 126 A1’L5C1’L1’B1 127 A1’L5C1’L1’B1’ 128 A2L4C1L1B4 129 A2L4C1L1’B4 130 A2L4C1L2B4 131 A2L4C1’L1B4 132 A2L4C1’L1’B4 133 A2L4C1’L2B4 134 A2L4C2L1B4 135 A2L4C2L1’B4 136 A2L4C2L2B4 137 A2L4C3L1B4 138 A2L4C3L1’B4 139 A2L4C3L2B4 140 A2L5C1L1B4 141 A2L5C1L1’B4 142 A2L5C1L2B4 143 A2L5C1’L1B4 144 A2L5C1’L1’B4 145 A2L5C1’L2B4 146 A2L5C2L1B4 147 A2L5C2L1’B4 148 A2L5C2L2B4 149 A2L5C3L1B4 150 A2L5C3L1’B4 151 A2L5C3L2B4 152 A1L4C3L1B4 153 A1L4C3L1’B4 154 A1L4C3L2B4 155 A1L5C3L1B4 156 A1L5C3L1’B4 157 A1L5C3L2B4 158 A1L4C4L2B1 159 A1L4C4L2B1’ 160 A1L4C4L2B2 161 A1L4C4L2B3 162 A1L5C4L2B1 163 A1L5C4L2B1’ 164 A1L5C4L2B2 165 A1L5C4L2B3 166 A1’L4C4L2B1 167 A1’L4C4L2B1’ 168 A1’L4C4L2B2 169 A1’L4C4L2B3 170 A2L4C4L2B4 171 A2L5C4L2B4 172 A1L4C4L2B4 173 A1L5C4L2B4 174 A1L4C4L2’B1 175 A1L4C4L2’B1’ 176 A1L4C4L2’B2 177 A1L4C4L2’B3 178 A1L5C4L2’B1 179 A1L5C4L2’B1’ 180 A1L5C4L2’B2 181 A1L5C4L2’B3 182 A1’L4C4L2’B1 183 A1’L4C4L2’B1’ 184 A1’L4C4L2’B2 185 A1’L4C4L2’B3 186 A2L4C4L2’B4 187 A2L5C4L2’B4 188 A1L4C4L2’B4 189 A1L5C4L2’B4 190 A1L4C1L2B1 191 A1L4C1L2B1’ 192 A1L4C1L2B2 193 A1L4C1L2B3 194 A1L4C1’L2B1 195 A1L4C1’L2B1’ 196 A1L4C1’L2B2 197 A1L4C1’L2B3 198 A1L4C2L2B1 199 A1L4C2L2B1’ 200 A1L4C2L2B2 201 A1L4C2L2B3 202 A1L5C1L2B1 203 A1L5C1L2B1’ 204 A1L5C1L2B2 205 A1L5C1L2B3 206 A1L5C1’L2B1 207 A1L5C1’L2B1’ 208 A1L5C1’L2B2 209 A1L5C1’L2B3 210 A1L5C2L2B1 211 A1L5C2L2B1’ 212 A1L5C2L2B2 213 A1L5C2L2B3 214 A1’L4C1L2B1 215 A1’L4C1L2B1’ 216 A1’L4C1L2B2 217 A1’L4C1L2B3 218 A1’L4C1’L2B1 219 A1’L4C1’L2B1’ 220 A1’L4C1’L2B2 221 A1’L4C1’L2B3 222 A1’L4C2L2B1 223 A1’L4C2L2B1’ 224 A1’L4C2L2B2 225 A1’L4C2L2B3 226 A1’L5C1L2B1 227 A1’L5C1L2B1’ 228 A1’L5C1L2B2 229 A1’L5C1L2B3 230 A2L4C1L2B4 231 A2L4C1’L2B4 232 A2L4C2L2B4 233 A2L5C1L2B4 234 A2L5C1’L2B4 235 A2L5C2L2B4 236 A1L4C1L2’B1 237 A1L4C1L2’B1’ 238 A1L4C1L2’B2 239 A1L4C1L2’B3 240 A1L4C1’L2’B1 241 A1L4C1’L2’B1’ 242 A1L4C1’L2’B2 243 A1L4C1’L2’B3 244 A1L4C2L2’B1 245 A1L4C2L2’B1’ 246 A1L4C2L2’B2 247 A1L4C2L2’B3 248 A1L5C1L2’B1 249 A1L5C1L2’B1’ 250 A1L5C1L2’B2 251 A1L5C1L2’B3 252 A1L5C1’L2’B1 253 A1L5C1’L1’B1’ 254 A1L5C1’L2’B2 255 A1L5C1’L2’B3 256 A1L5C2L2’B1 257 A1L5C2L2’B1’ 258 A1L5C2L2’B2 259 A1L5C2L2’B3 260 A1’L4C1L2’B1 261 A1’L4C1L2’B1’ 262 A1’L4C1L2’B2 263 A1’L4C1L2’B3 264 A1’L4C1’L2’B1 265 A1’L4C1’L2’B1’ 266 A1’L4C1’L2’B2 267 A1’L4C1’L2’B3 268 A1’L4C2L2’B1 269 A1’L4C2L2’B1’ 270 A1’L4C2L2’B2 271 A1’L4C2L2’B3 272 A1’L5C1L2’B1 273 A1’L5C1L2’B1’ 274 A1’L5C1L2’B2 275 A1’L5C1L2’B3 276 A2L4C1L2’B4 277 A2L4C1’L2’B4 278 A2L4C2L2’B4 279 A2L5C1L2’B4 280 A2L5C1’L2’B4 281 A2L5C2L2’B4 282 A2L4C4L1B1 283 A2L4C4L1B1’ 284 A2L4C4L1B2 285 A2L4C4L1B3 286 A2L4C4L1’B1 287 A2L4C4L1’B1’ 288 A2L4C4L1’B2 289 A2L4C4L1’B3 290 A2L5C4L1B1 291 A2L5C4L1B1’ 292 A2L5C4L1B2 293 A2L5C4L1B3 294 A2L5C4L1’B1 295 A2L5C4L1’B1’ 296 A2L5C4L1’B2 297 A2L5C4L1’B3 298 A1’L4C4L1B3 299 A1’L4C4L1’B3 300 A1’L5C1’L1’B2 301 A1’L5C1’L1’B3 302 A1’L5C1’L2B1 303 A1’L5C1’L2B1’ 304 A1’L5C1’L2B2 305 A1’L5C1’L2B3 306 A1’L5C2L1B1 307 A1’L5C2L1B1’ 308 A1’L5C2L1B2 309 A1’L5C2L1B3 310 A1’L5C2L1’B1 311 A1’L5C2L1’B1’ 312 A1’L5C2L1’B2 313 A1’L5C2L1’B3 314 A1’L5C2L2B1 315 A1’L5C2L2B1’ 316 A1’L5C2L2B2 317 A1’L5C2L2B3 318 A1’L5C3L1B1 319 A1’L5C3L1B1’ 320 A1’L5C3L1B2 321 A1’L5C3L1B3 322 A1’L5C3L1’B1 323 A1’L5C3L1’B1’ 324 A1’L5C3L1’B2 325 A1’L5C3L1’B3 326 A1’L5C3L2B1 327 A1’L5C3L2B1’ 328 A1’L5C3L2B2 329 A1’L5C3L2B3 330 A2L4C1L1B1 331 A2L4C1L1B1’ 332 A2L4C1L1B2 333 A2L4C1L1B3 334 A2L4C1L1’B1 335 A2L4C1L1’B1’ 336 A2L4C1L1’B2 337 A2L4C1L1’B3 338 A2L4C1L2B1 339 A2L4C1L2B1’ 340 A2L4C1L2B2 341 A2L4C1L2B3 342 A2L4C1’L1B1 343 A2L4C1’L1B1’ 344 A2L4C1’L1B2 345 A2L4C1’L1B3 346 A2L4C1’L1’B1 347 A2L4C1’L1’B1’ 348 A2L4C1’L1’B2 349 A2L4C1’L1’B3 350 A2L4C1’L2B1 351 A2L4C1’L2B1’ 352 A2L4C1’L2B2 353 A2L4C1’L2B3 354 A2L4C2L1B1 355 A2L4C2L1B1’ 356 A2L4C2L1B2 357 A2L4C2L1B3 358 A2L4C2L1’B1 359 A2L4C2L1’B1’ 360 A2L4C2L1’B2 361 A2L4C2L1’B3 362 A2L4C2L2B1 363 A2L4C2L2B1’ 364 A2L4C2L2B2 365 A2L4C2L2B3 366 A2L4C3L1B1 367 A2L4C3L1B1’ 368 A2L4C3L1B2 369 A2L4C3L1B3 370 A2L4C3L1’B1 371 A2L4C3L1’B1’ 372 A2L4C3L1’B2 373 A2L4C3L1’B3 374 A2L4C3L2B1 375 A2L4C3L2B1’ 376 A2L4C3L2B2 377 A2L4C3L2B3 378 A2L5C1L1B1 379 A2L5C1L1B1’ 380 A2L5C1L1B2 381 A2L5C1L1B3 382 A2L5C1L1’B1 383 A2L5C1L1’B1’ 384 A2L5C1L1’B2 385 A2L5C1L1’B3 386 A2L5C1L2B1 387 A2L5C1L2B1’ 388 A2L5C1L2B2 389 A2L5C1L2B3 390 A2L5C1’L1B1 391 A2L5C1’L1B1’ 392 A2L5C1’L1B2 393 A2L5C1’L1B3 394 A2L5C1’L1’B1 395 A2L5C1’L1’B1’ 396 A2L5C1’L1’B2 397 A2L5C1’L1’B3 398 A2L5C1’L2B1 399 A2L5C1’L2B1’ 400 A2L5C1’L2B2 401 A2L5C1’L2B3 402 A2L5C2L1B1 403 A2L5C2L1B1’ 404 A2L5C2L1B2 405 A2L5C2L1B3 406 A2L5C2L1’B1 407 A2L5C2L1’B1’ 408 A2L5C2L1’B2 409 A2L5C2L1’B3 410 A2L5C2L2B1 411 A2L5C2L2B1’ 412 A2L5C2L2B2 413 A2L5C2L2B3 414 A2L5C3L1B1 415 A2L5C3L1B1’ 416 A2L5C3L1B2 417 A2L5C3L1B3 418 A2L5C3L1’B1 419 A2L5C3L1’B1’ 420 A2L5C3L1’B2 421 A2L5C3L1’B3 422 A2L5C3L2B1 423 A2L5C3L2B1’ 424 A2L5C3L2B2 425 A2L5C3L2B3 426 A1’L4C3L1B4 427 A1’L4C3L1’B4 428 A1’L4C3L2B4 429 A1’L5C3L1B4 430 A1’L5C3L1’B4 431 A1’L5C3L2B4 432 A1L4C1L2B4 433 A1L4C1’L2B4 434 A1L4C2L2B4 435 A1L5C1L2B4 436 A1L5C1’L2B4 437 A1L5C2L2B4 438 A1’4C1L2B4 439 A1’L4C1’L2B4 440 A1’L4C2L2B4 441 A1’L5C1L2B4 442 A1’L5C1’L2B4 443 A1’L5C2L2B4 444 A1L5C1L1B4 445 A1L5C1L1’B4 446 A1L5C1’L1B4 447 A1L5C1’L1’B4 448 A1L5C2L1B4 449 A1L5C2L1’B4 450 A1’L5C1L1B4 451 A1’L5C1L1’B4 452 A1’L5C1’L1B4 453 A1’L5C1’L1’B4 454 A1’5C2L1B4 455 A1’L5C2L1’B4 456 A1’L5C4L2B1 457 A1’L5C4L2B1’ 458 A1’L5C4L2B2 459 A1’L5C4L2B3 460 A2L4C4L2B1 461 A2L4C4L2B1’ 462 A2L4C4L2B2 463 A2L4C4L2B3 464 A2L5C4L2B1 465 A2L5C4L2B1’ 466 A2L5C4L2B2 467 A2L5C4L2B3 468 A1’L4C4L2B4 469 A1’L5C4L2B4 470 A1’L5C4L2’B1 471 A1’L5C4L2’B1’ 472 A1’L5C4L2’B2 473 A1’L5C4L2’B3 474 A2L4C4L2’B1 475 A2L4C4L2’B1’ 476 A2L4C4L2’B2 477 A2L4C4L2’B3 478 A2L5C4L2’B1 479 A2L5C4L2’B1’ 480 A2L5C4L2’B2 481 A2L5C4L2’B3 482 A1’L4C4L2’B4 483 A1’L5C4L2’B4 484 A1’L5C1’L2B1 485 A1’L5C1’L2B1’ 486 A1’L5C1’L2B2 487 A1’L5C1’L2B3 488 A1’L5C2L2B1 489 A1’L5C2L2B1’ 490 A1’L5C2L2B2 491 A1’L5C2L2B3 492 A2L4C1L2B1 493 A2L4C1L2B1’ 494 A2L4C1L2B2 495 A2L4C1L2B3 496 A2L4C1’L2B1 497 A2L4C1’L2B1’ 498 A2L4C1’L2B2 499 A2L4C1’L2B3 500 A2L4C2L2B1 501 A2L4C2L2B1’ 502 A2L4C2L2B2 503 A2L4C2L2B3 504 A2L5C1L2B1 505 A2L5C1L2B1’ 506 A2L5C1L2B2 507 A2L5C1L2B3 508 A2L5C1’L2B1 509 A2L5C1’L2B1’ 510 A2L5C1’L2B2 511 A2L5C1’L2B3 512 A2L5C2L2B1 513 A2L5C2L2B1’ 514 A2L5C2L2B2 515 A2L5C2L2B3 516 A1L4C1L2B4 517 A1L4C1’L2B4 518 A1L4C2L2B4 519 A1L5C1L2B4 520 A1L5C1’L2B4 521 A1L5C2L2B4 522 A1’L4C1L2B4 523 A1’L4C1’L2B4 524 A1’L4C2L2B4 525 A1’L5C1L2B4 526 A1’L5C1’L2B4 527 A1’L5C2L2B4 528 A1’L5C1’L2’B1 529 A1’L5C1’L2’B1’ 530 A1’L5C1’L2’B2 531 A1’L5C1’L2’B3 532 A1’L5C2L2’B1 533 A1’L5C2L2’B1’ 534 A1’L5C2L2’B2 535 A1’L5C2L2’B3 536 A2L4C1L2’B1 537 A2L4C1L2’B1’ 538 A2L4C1L2’B2 539 A2L4C1L2’B3 540 A2L4C1’L2’B1 541 A2L4CFL2’B1’ 542 A2L4C1’L2’B2 543 A2L4C1’L2’B3 544 A2L4C2L2’B1 545 A2L4C2L2’B1’ 546 A2L4C2L2’B2 547 A2L4C2L2’B3 548 A2L5C1L2’B1 549 A2L5C1L2’B1’ 550 A2L5C1L2’B2 551 A2L5C1L2’B3 552 A2L5C1’L2’B1 553 A2L5C1’L2’B1’ 554 A2L5C1’L2’B2 555 A2L5C1’L2’B3 556 A2L5C2L2’B1 557 A2L5C2L2’B1’ 558 A2L5C2L2’B2 559 A2L5C2L2’B3 560 A1L4C1L2’B4 561 A1L4C1’L2’B4 562 A1L4C2L2’B4 563 A1L5C1L2’B4 564 A1L5C1’L2’B4 565 A1L5C2L2’B4 566 A1’L4C1L2’B4 567 A1’L4C1’L2’B4 568 A1’L4C2L2’B4 569 A1’L5C1L2’B4 570 A1’L5C1’L2’B4 571 A1’L5C2L2’B4 572 A2L4C4L1B4 573 A2L4C4L1’B4 574 A2L5C4L1B4 575 A2L5C4L1’B4 576 A1’L5C4L1B1 577 A1’L5C4L1B1’ 578 A1’L5C4L1B2 579 A1’L5C4L1B3 580 A1’L5C4L1’B1 581 A1’L5C4L1’B1’ 582 A1’L5C4L1’B2 583 A1’L5C4L1B3 584 A1’L5C4L1B4 585 A1’L5C4L1’B4 586 A1L5C4L1B1 587 A1L5C4L1B1’ 588 A1L5C4L1B2 589 A1L5C4L1B3 590 A1L5C4L1’B1 591 A1L5C4L1’B1’ 592 A1L5C4L1’B2 593 A1L5C4L1’B3 594 A1L5C4L1B4 595 A1L5C4L1’B4 596 A1L4C4L1B3 597 A1L4C4L1’B3

TABLE 2 Formulas of Additional Active Compounds

Formula 598

Formula 599

Formula 600

Formula 601

Formula 602

Formula 603

Formula 604

Formula 605

Formula 606

Formula 607

Formula 608

Formula 609

Formula 610

Formula 611

Formula 612

Formula 613

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 614

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 615

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 616

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 617

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 618

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 619

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 620

Formula 621

Formula 622

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 623

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 624

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 625

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 626

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 627

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 628

  m is 0 or 1 Formula 629

Formula 630

Formula 631

Formula 632

Formula 633

Formula 634

Formula 635

Formula 636

Formula 637

Formula 638

Formula 639

Formula 640

Formula 641

Formula 642

Formula 643

Formula 644

Formula 645

Formula 646

Formula 647

Formula 648

Formula 649

Formula 650

Formula 651

Formula 652

Formula 653

Formula 654

Additionally, the disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, and any of their subformulae (2-654) in which at least one of the following conditions is met in the embodiments described below.

The R¹² and R¹³ Substituents

The invention includes a compound of Formula I, Formula I′ or Formula I″, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof, for the uses described herein. In one embodiment, the compound is an inhibitor of Complement Factor D.

R¹² and R¹³ are independently chosen at each occurrence from R³¹ or R³².

R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, —COOH, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, —C(O)OR⁹, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, —OC(O)R⁹, and —C(NR⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰, each of which R³¹ other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, —COOH, —CONH₂ C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, and each of which R³¹ is also optionally substituted with one substituent chosen from phenyl and 4- to 7-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S; which phenyl or 4- to 7-membered heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkylester, —C₀-C₄alkyl)(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, SF₅, or —S(O)NH₂(R⁹).

R³² represents the same groups as R³¹, and is also depicted as Z³².

R⁷⁶ is —NR⁹C(O)R⁷⁷ or R⁷⁸.

R⁷⁷ and R⁷⁸ are each independently selected from C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (heterocycle)C₀-C₄alkyl and (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted; or each of which (s) may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from, but not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, —B(OH)₂, —Si(CH₃)₃, —COOH, —CONH₂, —P(O)(OH)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino), C₁-C₆alkylester, C₁-C₄alkylamino, C₁-C₄hydroxylalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In certain embodiments, R³² is selected from a moiety in FIG. 15.

Non-Limiting R¹²/R¹³ Embodiments

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″, wherein; one of R¹² and R¹³ is H and the other of R¹² and R¹³ is

—C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶ or C₃-C₄cycloalkyl-R⁷⁶;

wherein R⁷⁶ is as defined in the summary section above.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ wherein;

R¹, R^(1′), R², and R^(3′) are all hydrogen;

R² is fluoro and R³ is hydrogen, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), or —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl);

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₂alkyl;

R¹¹, R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵, if present, are independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₂alkylamino), trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy;

X¹² is CR¹²; and

R¹² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶;

wherein R⁷⁶ is as defined in the summary section above.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ wherein;

m is 0 or 1;

R² is halogen, R^(2′) is hydrogen or halogen, and R³ is hydrogen, halogen, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), or —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl);

R⁶ is —C(O)C₁-C₄alkyl, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), or -ethyl(cyanoimino);

one of R¹² and R¹³ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; the other of R¹² and R¹³ is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶;

wherein R⁷⁶ is as defined in the summary section above.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I, wherein;

one of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, methyl, or methoxy; and the other of R¹² and R¹³ is chosen from —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶;

wherein R⁷⁶ is as defined in the summary section above.

Central Core Moiety

The central core moiety, C, in Formula I is illustrated below:

C is C1, C1′, C2, C3 or C4.

C1, C1′, C2, C3 and C4 are described in the summary section.

Non-Limiting Central Core Embodiments

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R^(1′) or R³ and R^(3′) may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, or S; R² and R^(2′) may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring; or R² and R^(2′) may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently chosen from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₄alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₂-C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In other embodiments, R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring; R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a a 4, 5 or 6-membered carbocyclic or an aryl ring or a 4, 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S; or R² and R³, if bound to adjacent carbon atoms, may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring;

each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently chosen from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₄alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₂-C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In one embodiment, the central core moiety is proline.

In one embodiment, the central core moiety is 4-fluoroproline.

In one embodiment, R¹, R^(1′), R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′), if present, are all hydrogen; and R² is fluoro.

In one embodiment, R¹, R^(1′), R^(2′), and R^(3′), if present, are all hydrogen; and R² is fluoro and R³ is —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl) or —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl).

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group, and R^(1′), R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′), where present, are all hydrogen. In one embodiment, the bicycle is fused in a cis fashion. In one embodiment, the bicyclic ring is fused in a trans fashion.

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group that is cis with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group that is trans with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R¹, R^(1′), R³, and R^(3′), present, are all hydrogen, and R² and R^(2′) are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group having 1 or 2 oxygen atoms.

In one embodiment, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is fluoro.

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring.

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken together to form a 3-membered cycloalkyl group that is cis with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken together to form a 3-membered cycloalkyl group that is trans with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R² and R³ are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group, and R¹, R^(1′), R^(2′) and R^(3′), where present, are selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl or C₁-C₃ alkoxy.

In one embodiment, R² and R³ are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group that is cis with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R² and R³ are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group that is trans with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R² and R³ are taken together to form a 3-membered cycloalkyl group that is cis with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R² and R³ are taken together to form a 3-membered cycloalkyl group that is trans with respect to the carboxyl group of L-proline as shown below:

In one embodiment, R¹, R^(1′), R³, and R^(3′), if present, are all hydrogen, and R² and R^(2′) are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group having 1 or 2 oxygen atoms.

In one embodiment, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is fluoro.

In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring.

The disclosure includes compounds of Formula I in which the central pyrrolidine is vinyl substituted, for example:

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I has the structure:

In one embodiment, the central pyrrolidine is modified by addition of a second heteroatom to a pyrrolidine ring, such as N, O S, or Si, for example:

Another modification within the scope of the disclosure is joining a substituent on the central pyrrolidine ring to R⁷ or R⁸ to form a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring, for example:

Example compounds having the modifications disclosed above include:

Central Core L-B Substituents

Illustrative core L substituents and B substituents in Formula I are described below.

L is selected from L1, L1′, L2 and L2′.

L1 is a bond or is chosen from the formulas:

where R¹⁷ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl) and R¹⁸ and R^(18′) are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxymethyl, and methyl; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

L2 and L2′ are described in the summary section.

B is selected from B1, B1′, B2, B3 and B4 which are described in the summary section.

In one embodiment, -L1-B1— is

where R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —C₀-C₄alkoxy(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, and C₁-C₂haloalkylthio. Non-Limiting L-B Embodiments

In one embodiment, -L1-B1— is:

wherein

R¹⁸ and R^(18′) are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxymethyl, and methyl; and m is 0 or 1; and

R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, and —C₀-C₄alkoxy(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl); each of which R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₂alkoxy, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; and

R²⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl or —Si(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, -L-B1— moiety is selected:

In one embodiment, -L1-B1— moiety is selected:

In one embodiment, -L2-B1— moiety is selected:

In one embodiment, -L2′-B1— moiety is selected:

In one embodiment, m is 0.

In one embodiment, the disclosure further includes compounds and salts of Formula I in which B1 is 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl. In another embodiment, another carbocyclic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl group such as 2-bromo-pyridin-6-yl, 1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl, 2,2-dichlorocyclopropylmethyl, or 2-fluoro-3-trimethylsilylphenyl is used.

In another embodiment, B1 is phenyl, pyridyl, or indanyl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkoxy(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), (phenyl)C₀-C₂alkyl, (pyridyl)C₀-C₂alkyl; each of which substituents other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂alkoxy, —OSi(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃, —Si(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In another embodiment, B1 is phenyl or pyridyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from chloro, bromo, hydroxyl, —SCF₃, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, phenyl and trifluoromethoxy each of which substituents other than chloro, bromo, hydroxyl, —SCF₃, can be optionally substituted.

In certain embodiments, B1 is a 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl or a 2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.

In one embodiment, B1 is pyridyl, optionally substituted with halogen, C₁-C₂alkoxy, and trifluoromethyl.

In one embodiment, B1 is phenyl, substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₂alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, and optionally substituted phenyl.

In one embodiment, R²³ is independently chosen at each occurrence from (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)C₀-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently chosen from N, O, and S.

In one embodiment, L1-B3 is:

R^(27′), and R^(28′) independently chosen from hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₂-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, and —C₀-C₄alkoxy(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl); each of which R^(27′), and R^(28′) other than hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, and cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₂alkoxy, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

Central Core (L3)-A Substituent

The central core (L3)-A substituent in Formula I is illustrated below.

L3 is selected from L4 and L5;

L4 is —C(O)—.

L5 is described above in the summary section.

A is selected from A1, A1′ and A2.

A1, A1′ and A2 are described above in the summary section.

In one embodiment, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently chosen from —CHO, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NH(CH₃), C₂-C₆alkanoyl, and hydrogen.

In one embodiment, each R⁵ and R⁶ other than hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, and —COOH is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, imino, cyano, cyanoimino, C₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₄alkylamino), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

In one embodiment, R⁸ and R^(8′) are independently hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment, R⁸ and R^(8′) are hydrogen.

In one embodiment, R⁷ is hydrogen or methyl.

In one embodiment, R⁷ is hydrogen.

Embodiments of Formulas IA, IB, IC, and ID

To further illustrate the invention, various embodiments of Formula IA, IB, IC and ID are provided. These are presented by way of example to show some of the variations among presented compounds within the invention can be applied to any of the Formulas herein, and are not intended to limit the invention.

In one aspect, this disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula IA

where R⁶, R¹³, and B3 may carry any of the definitions set forth herein for this variable.

In another aspect, this disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula IB, IC, and ID.

In Formulas IA, IB, IC, and ID, the variables may include any of the definitions set forth herein that results in a stable compound. In certain embodiments, the following conditions apply for Formula IB and IC.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF⁵.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas LB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is dihydroindole.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, R¹³ is H, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=1, R¹ and R² are joined to forma 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is H, R¹³ is R³², R³² is —C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶, and B3 is phenyl substituted with SF₅.

Embodiments of Formula 606

To further illustrate the invention, various embodiments of Formula 606 are disclosed. In one aspect, the disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula 606:

wherein:

R¹, R², R^(2′), and R³ are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, —C₀-C₂alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —O—C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy;

R⁸ and R^(8′) are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, and methyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, —COOH, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkanoyl —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —C(O)C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, or C₁-C₂haloalkoxy);

R⁶ is —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)(cyclopropyl), or -ethyl(cyanoimino); and

R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino), —C₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), —OC₀-C₄alkyl(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy.

Prodrugs of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ are also within the scope of the disclosure.

III. Pharmaceutical Preparations

Active compounds described herein can be administered to a host in need thereof as the neat chemical, but are more typically administered as a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount for a host, typically a human, in need of such treatment of an active compound as described herein or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Thus, in one embodiment, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for any of the uses described herein. The pharmaceutical composition may contain a compound or salt as the only active agent, or, in an alternative embodiment, the compound and at least one additional active agent.

An effective amount of an active compound as described herein, or the active compound described herein in combination or alternation with, or preceded by, concomitant with or followed by another active agent, can be used in an amount sufficient to (a) inhibit the progression of a disorder mediated by the complement pathway, including an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder; (b) cause a regression of an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder; (c) cause a cure of an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder; or inhibit or prevent the development of an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder. Accordingly, an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition described herein will provide a sufficient amount of the active agent when administered to a patient to provide a clinical benefit.

The exact amount of the active compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein to be delivered to the host, typically a human, in need thereof, will be determined by the health care provider to achieve the desired clinical benefit.

In certain embodiments the pharmaceutical composition is in a dosage form that contains from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 800 mg, or from about 200 mg to about 600 mg of the active compound and optionally from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 800 mg, or from about 200 mg to about 600 mg of an additional active agent in a unit dosage form. Examples are dosage forms with at least about 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 750, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, or 1700 mg of active compound, or its salt. In one embodiment, the dosage form has at least about 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 1000 mg, 1200 mg, or 1600 mg of active compound, or its salt. The amount of active compound in the dosage form is calculated without reference to the salt. The dosage form can be administered, for example, once a day (q.d.), twice a day (b.i.d.), three times a day (t.i.d.), four times a day (q.i.d.), once every other day (Q2d), once every third day (Q3d), as needed, or any dosage schedule that provides treatment of a disorder described herein.

The pharmaceutical composition may for example include a molar ratio of the active compound and an additional active agent that achieves the desired result. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may contain a molar ratio of about 0.5:1, about 1:1, about 2:1, about 3:1 or from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1 of an additional active agent in combination with the active compound (additional active agent: active compound), or its salt, described herein. In one embodiment, the additional active agent is an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressing agent.

Compounds disclosed herein or used as described herein may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, sublingually, via implant, including ocular implant, transdermally, via buccal administration, rectally, as an ophthalmic solution, injection, including ocular injection, intravenous, intra-aortal, intracranial, subdermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transnasal, sublingual, intrathecal, or rectal or by other means, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. For ocular delivery, the compound can be administered, as desired, for example, as a solution, suspension, or other formulation via intravitreal, intrastromal, intracameral, sub-tenon, sub-retinal, retro-bulbar, peribulbar, suprachorodial, subchorodial, chorodial, conjunctival, subconjunctival, episcleral, periocular, transscleral, retrobulbar, posterior juxtascleral, circumcorneal, or tear duct injections, or through a mucus, mucin, or a mucosal barrier, in an immediate or controlled release fashion or via an ocular device, injection, or topically administered formulation, for example a solution or suspension provided as an eye drop.

The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated as any pharmaceutically useful form, e.g., as an aerosol, a cream, a gel, a gel cap, a pill, a microparticle, a nanoparticle, an injection or infusion solution, a capsule, a tablet, a syrup, a transdermal patch, a subcutaneous patch, a dry powder, an inhalation formulation, in a medical device, suppository, buccal, or sublingual formulation, parenteral formulation, or an ophthalmic solution or suspension. Some dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, are subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active components, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

Pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacturing such compositions, suitable for administration as contemplated herein are known in the art. Examples of known techniques include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,983,593, 5,013,557, 5,456,923, 5,576,025, 5,723,269, 5,858,411, 6,254,889, 6,303,148, 6,395,302, 6,497,903, 7,060,296, 7,078,057, 7,404,828, 8,202,912, 8,257,741, 8,263,128, 8,337,899, 8,431,159, 9,028,870, 9,060,938, 9,211,261, 9,265,731, 9,358,478, and 9,387,252, incorporated by reference herein.

The pharmaceutical compositions contemplated here can optionally include a carrier. Carriers must be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration to the patient being treated. The carrier can be inert or it can possess pharmaceutical benefits of its own. The amount of carrier employed in conjunction with the compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound. Classes of carriers include, but are not limited to binders, buffering agents, coloring agents, diluents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, fillers, flavorants, glidents, lubricants, pH modifiers, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, solubilizers, tableting agents, and wetting agents. Some carriers may be listed in more than one class, for example vegetable oil may be used as a lubricant in some formulations and a diluent in others. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sugars, starches, celluloses, powdered tragacanth, malt, gelatin; talc, and vegetable oils. Examples of other matrix materials, fillers, or diluents include lactose, mannitol, xylitol, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium diphosphate, and starch. Examples of surface active agents include sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80. Examples of drug complexing agents or solubilizers include the polyethylene glycols, caffeine, xanthene, gentisic acid and cyclodextrins. Examples of disintegrants include sodium starch glycolate, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, methyl cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide, and croscarmellose sodium. Examples of binders include methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, and gums such as guar gum, and tragacanth. Examples of lubricants include magnesium stearate and calcium stearate. Examples of pH modifiers include acids such as citric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; bases such as sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and the like, and buffers generally comprising mixtures of acids and the salts of said acids. Optional other active agents may be included in a pharmaceutical composition, which do not substantially interfere with the activity of the compound of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for administration further includes a compound or salt of Formula I, I′, or I″ and optionally comprises one or more of a phosphoglyceride; phosphatidylcholine; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC); dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE); dioleyloxypropyltriethylammonium (DOTMA); dioleoylphosphatidylcholine; cholesterol; cholesterol ester; diacylglycerol; diacylglycerolsuccinate; diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG); hexanedecanol; fatty alcohol such as polyethylene glycol (PEG); polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether; a surface active fatty acid, such as palmitic acid or oleic acid; fatty acid; fatty acid monoglyceride; fatty acid diglyceride; fatty acid amide; sorbitan trioleate (Span®85) glycocholate; sorbitan monolaurate (Span®20); polysorbate 20 (Tween®20); polysorbate 60 (Tween®60); polysorbate 65 (Tween®65); polysorbate 80 (Tween®80); polysorbate 85 (Tween®85); polyoxyethylene monostearate; surfactin; a poloxomer; a sorbitan fatty acid ester such as sorbitan trioleate; lecithin; lysolecithin; phosphatidylserine; phosphatidylinositol; sphingomyelin; phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin); cardiolipin; phosphatidic acid; cerebroside; dicetylphosphate; dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol; stearylamine; dodecylamine; hexadecyl-amine; acetyl palmitate; glycerol ricinoleate; hexadecyl sterate; isopropyl myristate; tyloxapol; poly(ethylene glycol)5000-phosphatidylethanolamine; poly(ethylene glycol)400-monostearate; phospholipid; synthetic and/or natural detergent having high surfactant properties; deoxycholate; cyclodextrin; chaotropic salt; ion pairing agent; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, cellbiose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, glucoronic acid, galactoronic acid, mannuronic acid, glucosamine, galatosamine, and neuramic acid; pullulan, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxycellulose (HC), methylcellulose (MC), dextran, cyclodextran, glycogen, hydroxyethylstarch, carageenan, glycon, amylose, chitosan, N,O-carboxylmethylchitosan, algin and alginic acid, starch, chitin, inulin, konjac, glucommannan, pustulan, heparin, hyaluronic acid, curdlan, and xanthan, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, and lactitol, a pluronic polymer, polyethylene, polycarbonate (e.g. poly(1,3-dioxan-2one)), polyanhydride (e.g. poly(sebacic anhydride)), polypropylfumerate, polyamide (e.g. polycaprolactam), polyacetal, polyether, polyester (e.g., polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyacid (e.g. poly((β-hydroxyalkanoate))), poly(orthoester), polycyanoacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyphosphazene, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyurea, polystyrene, and polyamine, polylysine, polylysine-PEG copolymer, and poly(ethyleneimine), poly(ethylene imine)-PEG copolymer, glycerol monocaprylocaprate, propylene glycol, Vitamin E TPGS (also known as d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate), gelatin, titanium dioxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), methyl cellulose (MC), block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (PEO/PPO), polyethyleneglycol (PEG), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation may include polymers for controlled delivery of the described compounds, including, but not limited to pluronic polymers, polyesters (e.g., polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, polyvalerolactone, poly(1,3-dioxan-2one)); polyanhydrides (e.g., poly(sebacic anhydride)); polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol); polyurethanes; polymethacrylates; polyacrylates; and polycyanoacrylates. In some embodiments, polymers may be modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), with a carbohydrate, and/or with acyclic polyacetals derived from polysaccharides. See, e.g., Papisov, 2001, ACS Symposium Series, 786:301, incorporated by reference herein.

The compounds of the present invention can be formulated as particles. In one embodiment the particles are or include microparticles. In an alternative embodiment the particles are or include nanoparticles.

In an additional alternative embodiment, common techniques for preparing particles include, but are not limited to, solvent evaporation, solvent removal, spray drying, phase inversion, coacervation, and low temperature casting. Suitable methods of particle formulation are briefly described below. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including pH modifying agents, disintegrants, preservatives, and antioxidants, can optionally be incorporated into the particles during particle formation.

In one embodiment, the particles are derived through a solvent evaporation method. In this method, a compound described herein (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds described herein) is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent, such as methylene chloride. The organic solution containing a compound described herein is then suspended in an aqueous solution that contains a surface active agent such as poly(vinyl alcohol). The resulting emulsion is stirred until most of the organic solvent evaporated, leaving solid nanoparticles or microparticles. The resulting nanoparticles or microparticles are washed with water and dried overnight in a lyophilizer. Nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies can be obtained by this method.

Pharmaceutical compositions which contain labile polymers, such as certain polyanhydrides, may degrade during the fabrication process due to the presence of water. For these polymers, methods which are performed in completely or substantially anhydrous organic solvents can be used to make the particles.

Solvent removal can also be used to prepare particles from a compound that is hydrolytically unstable. In this method, the compound (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds) is dispersed or dissolved in a volatile organic solvent such as methylene chloride. This mixture is then suspended by stirring in an organic oil (such as silicon oil) to form an emulsion. Solid particles form from the emulsion, which can subsequently be isolated from the supernatant. The external morphology of spheres produced with this technique is highly dependent on the identity of the drug.

In one embodiment an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by solvent removal. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by solvent removal comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by solvent removal comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by solvent removal comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by solvent removal can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by solvent removal are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

In one embodiment, the particles are derived by spray drying. In this method, a compound (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds) is dissolved in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride. The solution is pumped through a micronizing nozzle driven by a flow of compressed gas, and the resulting aerosol is suspended in a heated cyclone of air, allowing the solvent to evaporate from the micro droplets, forming particles. Microparticles and nanoparticles can be obtained using this method.

In one embodiment an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as a spray dried dispersion (SDD). In another embodiment the present invention provides a spray dried dispersion (SDD) comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the SDD comprises a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the SDD comprises a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described spray dried dispersions can be coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the spray dried dispersion is formulated into a tablet but is uncoated.

Particles can be formed from the active compound as described herein using a phase inversion method. In this method, the compound (or polymer matrix and one or more active compounds) is dissolved in a suitable solvent, and the solution is poured into a strong non-solvent for the compound to spontaneously produce, under favorable conditions, microparticles or nanoparticles. The method can be used to produce nanoparticles in a wide range of sizes, including, for example, from nanoparticles to microparticles, typically possessing a narrow particle size distribution.

In one embodiment, an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by phase inversion. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by phase inversion comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by phase inversion comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by phase inversion comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by phase inversion can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by phase inversion are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

Techniques for particle formation using coacervation are known in the art, for example, as described in GB-B-929 406; GB-B-929 40 1; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,266,987, 4,794,000, and 4,460,563. Coacervation involves the separation of a compound (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds) solution into two immiscible liquid phases. One phase is a dense coacervate phase, which contains a high concentration of the compound, while the second phase contains a low concentration of the compound. Within the dense coacervate phase, the compound forms nanoscale or microscale droplets, which harden into particles. Coacervation may be induced by a temperature change, addition of a non-solvent or addition of a micro-salt (simple coacervation), or by the addition of another polymer thereby forming an interpolymer complex (complex coacervation).

In one embodiment an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by coacervation. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by coacervation comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by coacervation comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by coacervation comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by coacervation can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by coacervation are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

Methods for very low temperature casting of controlled release microspheres are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,400 to Gombotz et al. In this method, the compound is dissolved in a solvent. The mixture is then atomized into a vessel containing a liquid non-solvent at a temperature below the freezing point of the drug solution which freezes the compound droplets. As the droplets and non-solvent for the compound are warmed, the solvent in the droplets thaws and is extracted into the non-solvent, hardening the microspheres.

In one embodiment, a compound of the present invention is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by low temperature casting. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by low temperature casting comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by low temperature casting comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by low temperature casting comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by low temperature casting can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by low temperature casting are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

In one aspect of the present invention, an effective amount of an active compound as described herein is incorporated into a nanoparticle, e.g. for convenience of delivery and/or extended release delivery. The use of materials in nanoscale provides one the ability to modify fundamental physical properties such as solubility, diffusivity, blood circulation half-life, drug release characteristics, and/or immunogenicity. A number of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents have been developed for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, pain, asthma, allergy, and infections. These nanoscale agents may provide more effective and/or more convenient routes of administration, lower therapeutic toxicity, extend the product life cycle, and ultimately reduce health-care costs. As therapeutic delivery systems, nanoparticles can allow targeted delivery and controlled release.

In addition, nanoparticle-based compound delivery can be used to release compounds at a sustained rate and thus lower the frequency of administration, deliver drugs in a targeted manner to minimize systemic side effects, or deliver two or more drugs simultaneously for combination therapy to generate a synergistic effect and suppress drug resistance. A number of nanotechnology-based therapeutic products have been approved for clinical use. Among these products, liposomal drugs and polymer-based conjugates account for a large proportion of the products. See, Zhang, L., et al., Nanoparticles in Medicine: Therapeutic Applications and Developments, Clin. Pharm. and Ther., 83(5):761-769, 2008.

Methods for producing nanoparticles are known in the art. For example, see Muller, R. H., et al., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery—a review of the state of the art, Eur. H. Pharm. Biopharm., 50:161-177, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 8,691,750 to Consien et al.; WO 2012/145801 to Kanwar. U.S. Pat. No. 8,580,311 to Armes, S. et al.; Petros, R. A. and DeSimone, J. M., Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications, Nature Reviews/Drug Discovery, vol. 9:615-627, 2010; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,465,775; 8,444,899; 8,420,124; 8,263,129; 8,158,728; 8,268,446; Pellegrino et al., 2005, Small, 1:48; Murray et al., 2000, Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci., 30:545; and Trindade et al., 2001, Chem. Mat., 13:3843; all incorporated herein by reference. Additional methods have been described in the literature (see, e.g., Doubrow, Ed., “Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992; Mathiowitz et al., 1987, J. Control. Release, 5:13; Mathiowitz et al., 1987, Reactive Polymers, 6:275; and Mathiowitz et al., 1988, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 35:755; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,578,325 and 6,007,845; P. Paolicelli et al., “Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associate and Deliver Virus-like Particles” Nanomedicine. 5(6):843-853 (2010)), U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,158 to Gref et al., or WO publication WO2009/051837 by Von Andrian et al. Zauner et al., 1998, Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 30:97; and Kabanov et al., 1995, Bioconjugate Chem., 6:7; (PEI; Boussif et al., 1995, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 1995, 92:7297), and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (Kukowska-Latallo et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 93:4897; Tang et al., 1996, Bioconjugate Chem., 7:703; and Haensler et al., 1993, Bioconjugate Chem., 4:372; Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; Barrera et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:11010; Kwon et al., 1989, Macromolecules, 22:3250; Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:5633; and Zhou et al., 1990, Macromolecules, 23:3399). Examples of these polyesters include poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine) (Barrera et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:11010), poly(serine ester) (Zhou et al., 1990, Macromolecules, 23:3399), poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) (Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; and Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:5633), and poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) (Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; and Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:5633; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,123,727; 5,804,178; 5,770,417; 5,736,372; 5,716,404; 6,095,148; 5,837,752; 5,902,599; 5,696,175; 5,514,378; 5,512,600; 5,399,665; 5,019,379; 5,010,167; 4,806,621; 4,638,045; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,929; Wang et al., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123:9480; Lim et al., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123:2460; Langer, 2000, Acc. Chem. Res., 33:94; Langer, 1999, J. Control. Release, 62:7; and Uhrich et al., 1999, Chem. Rev., 99:3181; Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Polymeric Amines and Ammonium Salts, Ed. by Goethals, Pergamon Press, 1980; Principles of Polymerization by Odian, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2004; Contemporary Polymer Chemistry by Allcock et al., Prentice-Hall, 1981; Deming et al., 1997, Nature, 390:386; and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,506,577, 6,632,922, 6,686,446, and 6,818,732; C. Astete et al., “Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles” J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 247-289 (2006); K. Avgoustakis “Pegylated Poly(Lactide) and Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties and Possible Applications in Drug Delivery” Current Drug Delivery 1:321-333 (2004); C. Reis et al., “Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles” Nanomedicine 2:8-21 (2006); P. Paolicelli et al., “Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associate and Deliver Virus-like Particles” Nanomedicine. 5(6):843-853 (2010); U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,671 to Unger Oct. 14, 2003, all incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the polymeric particle is between about 0.1 nm to about 10000 nm, between about 1 nm to about 1000 nm, between about 10 nm and 1000 nm, between about 1 and 100 nm, between about 1 and 10 nm, between about 1 and 50 nm, between about 100 nm and 800 nm, between about 400 nm and 600 nm, or about 500 nm. In one embodiment, the micro-particles are no more than about 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1.0 nm, 5.0 nm, 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 75 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1000 nm, 1250 nm, 1500 nm, 1750 nm, or 2000 nm. In some embodiments, a compound described herein may be covalently coupled to a polymer used in the nanoparticle, for example a polystyrene particle, PLGA particle, PLA particle, or other nanoparticle.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated for oral administration. These compositions can contain any amount of active compound that achieves the desired result, for example between 0.1 and 99 weight % (wt. %) of the compound and usually at least about 5 wt. % of the compound. Some embodiments contain at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. % or from about 5 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of the compound.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for rectal administration are typically presented as unit dose suppositories. These may be prepared by admixing the active compound with one or more conventional solid carriers, for example, cocoa butter, and then shaping the resulting mixture.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical application to the skin preferably take the form of an ointment, cream, lotion, paste, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil. Carriers which may be used include petroleum jelly, lanoline, polyethylene glycols, alcohols, transdermal enhancers, and combinations of two or more thereof.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches adapted to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for transdermal administration may also be delivered by iontophoresis (see, for example, Pharmaceutical Research 3 (6):318 (1986)) and typically take the form of an optionally buffered aqueous solution of the active compound. In one embodiment, microneedle patches or devices are provided for delivery of drugs across or into biological tissue, particularly the skin. The microneedle patches or devices permit drug delivery at clinically relevant rates across or into skin or other tissue barriers, with minimal or no damage, pain, or irritation to the tissue.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to the lungs can be delivered by a wide range of passive breath driven and active power driven single/-multiple dose dry powder inhalers (DPI). The devices most commonly used for respiratory delivery include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers. Several types of nebulizers are available, including jet nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers, and vibrating mesh nebulizers. Selection of a suitable lung delivery device depends on parameters, such as nature of the drug and its formulation, the site of action, and pathophysiology of the lung.

Additional non-limiting examples of inhalation drug delivery devices and methods include, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,383,837 titled “Inhalation device” (SmithKline Beecham Corporation); WO/2006/033584 titled “Powder inhaler” (Glaxo SmithKline Pharmaceuticals SA); WO/2005/044186 titled “Inhalable pharmaceutical formulations employing desiccating agents and methods of administering the same” (Glaxo Group Ltd and SmithKline Beecham Corporation); U.S. Pat. No. 9,095,670 titled “Inhalation device and method of dispensing medicament”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,205,611 titled “Dry powder inhaler” (Astrazeneca AB); WO/2013/038170 titled “Inhaler” (Astrazeneca AB and Astrazeneca UK Ltd.); US/2014/0352690 titled “Inhalation Device with Feedback System”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,625 and US/2015/0165137 titled “Inhalation Device for Use in Aerosol Therapy” (Vectura GmbH); U.S. Pat. No. 6,948,496 titled “Inhalers”, US/2005/0152849 titled “Powders comprising anti-adherent materials for use in dry powder inhalers”, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,582,678, 8,137,657, US/2003/0202944, and US/2010/0330188 titled “Carrier particles for use in dry powder inhalers”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,338 titled “Method of producing particles for use in dry powder inhalers”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,155 titled “Powders”, US/2007/0043030 titled “Pharmaceutical compositions for treating premature ejaculation by pulmonary inhalation”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,845,349 titled “Inhaler”, US/2012/0114709 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,160 titled “Formulations for Use in Inhaler Devices”, US/2013/0287854 titled “Compositions and Uses”, US/2014/0037737 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,580,306 titled “Particles for Use in a Pharmaceutical Composition”, US/2015/0174343 titled “Mixing Channel for an Inhalation Device”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,855 and US/2010/0285142 titled “Method of making particles for use in a pharmaceutical composition”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,541,022, US/2009/0269412, and US/2015/0050350 titled “Pharmaceutical formulations for dry powder inhalers” (Vectura Limited).

Many methods and devices for drug delivery to the eye are known in the art. Non-limiting examples are described in the following patents and patent applications (fully incorporated herein by reference). Examples are U.S. Pat. No. 8,192,408 titled “Ocular trocar assembly” (Psivida Us, Inc.); U.S. Pat. No. 7,585,517 titled “Transcleral delivery” (Macusight, Inc.); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,710,182 and 5,795,913 titled “Ophthalmic composition” (Santen O Y); U.S. Pat. No. 8,663,639 titled “Formulations for treating ocular diseases and conditions”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,486,960 titled “Formulations and methods for vascular permeability-related diseases or conditions”, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,367,097 and 8,927,005 titled “Liquid formulations for treatment of diseases or conditions”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,455,855 titled “Delivering substance and drug delivery system using the same” (Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.); WO/2011/050365 titled “Conformable Therapeutic Shield For Vision and Pain” and WO/2009/145842 titled “Therapeutic Device for Pain Management and Vision” (Forsight Labs, LLC); U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,066,779 and 8,623,395 titled “Implantable therapeutic device”, WO/2014/160884 titled “Ophthalmic Implant for Delivering Therapeutic Substances”, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,399,006, 8,277,830, 8,795,712, 8,808,727, 8,298,578, and WO/2010/088548 titled “Posterior segment drug delivery”, WO/2014/152959 and US20140276482 titled “Systems for Sustained Intraocular Delivery of Low Solubility Compounds from a Port Delivery System Implant”, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,905,963 and 9,033,911 titled “Injector apparatus and method for drug delivery”, WO/2015/057554 titled “Formulations and Methods for Increasing or Reducing Mucus”, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,715,712 and 8,939,948 titled “Ocular insert apparatus and methods”, WO/2013/116061 titled “Insertion and Removal Methods and Apparatus for Therapeutic Devices”, WO/2014/066775 titled “Ophthalmic System for Sustained Release of Drug to the Eye”, WO/2015/085234 and WO/2012/019176 titled “Implantable Therapeutic Device”, WO/2012/065006 titled “Methods and Apparatus to determine Porous Structures for Drug Delivery”, WO/2010/141729 titled “Anterior Segment Drug Delivery”, WO/2011/050327 titled “Corneal Denervation for Treatment of Ocular Pain”, WO/2013/022801 titled “Small Molecule Delivery with Implantable Therapeutic Device”, WO/2012/019047 titled “Subconjunctival Implant for Posterior Segment Drug Delivery”, WO/2012/068549 titled “Therapeutic Agent Formulations for Implanted Devices”, WO/2012/019139 titled “Combined Delivery Methods and Apparatus”, WO/2013/040426 titled “Ocular Insert Apparatus and Methods”, WO/2012/019136 titled “Injector Apparatus and Method for Drug Delivery”, WO/2013/040247 titled “Fluid Exchange Apparatus and Methods” (ForSight Vision4, Inc.).

Additional non-limiting examples of how to deliver the active compounds are provided in WO/2015/085251 titled “Intracameral Implant for Treatment of an Ocular Condition” (Envisia Therapeutics, Inc.); WO/2011/008737 titled “Engineered Aerosol Particles, and Associated Methods”, WO/2013/082111 titled “Geometrically Engineered Particles and Methods for Modulating Macrophage or Immune Responses”, WO/2009/132265 titled “Degradable compounds and methods of use thereof, particularly with particle replication in non-wetting templates”, WO/2010/099321 titled “Interventional drug delivery system and associated methods”, WO/2008/100304 titled “Polymer particle composite having high fidelity order, size, and shape particles”, WO/2007/024323 titled “Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials” (Liquidia Technologies, Inc. and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill); WO/2010/009087 titled “Iontophoretic Delivery of a Controlled-Release Formulation in the Eye”, (Liquidia Technologies, Inc. and Eyegate Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and WO/2009/132206 titled “Compositions and Methods for Intracellular Delivery and Release of Cargo”, WO/2007/133808 titled “Nano-particles for cosmetic applications”, WO/2007/056561 titled “Medical device, materials, and methods”, WO/2010/065748 titled “Method for producing patterned materials”, WO/2007/081876 titled “Nanostructured surfaces for biomedical/biomaterial applications and processes thereof” (Liquidia Technologies, Inc.).

Additional non-limiting examples of methods and devices for drug delivery to the eye include, for example, WO2011/106702 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,889,193 titled “Sustained delivery of therapeutic agents to an eye compartment”, WO2013/138343 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,962,577 titled “Controlled release formulations for the delivery of HIF-1 inhibitors”, WO/2013/138346 and US2013/0272994 titled “Non-Linear Multiblock Copolymer-Drug Conjugates for the Delivery of Active Agents”, WO2005/072710 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,957,034 titled “Drug and Gene Carrier Particles that Rapidly Move Through Mucus Barriers”, WO2008/030557, US2010/0215580, US2013/0164343 titled “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Transport Through Mucous”, W2012/061703, US2012/0121718, and US2013/0236556 titled “Compositions and Methods Relating to Reduced Mucoadhesion”, WO2012/039979 and US2013/0183244 titled “Rapid Diffusion of Large Polymeric Nanoparticles in the Mammalian Brain”, WO2012/109363 and US2013/0323313 titled “Mucus Penetrating Gene Carriers”, WO 2013/090804 and US2014/0329913 titled “Nanoparticles with enhanced mucosal penetration or decreased inflammation”, WO2013/110028 titled “Nanoparticle formulations with enhanced mucosal penetration”, WO2013/166498 and US2015/0086484 titled “Lipid-based drug carriers for rapid penetration through mucus linings” (The Johns Hopkins University); WO2013/166385 titled “Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles Showing Improved Mucosal Transport”, US2013/0323179 titled “Nanocrystals, Compositions, And Methods that Aid Particle Transport in Mucus” (The Johns Hopkins University and Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); WO/2015/066444 titled “Compositions and methods for ophthalmic and/or other applications”, WO/2014/020210 and WO/2013/166408 titled “Pharmaceutical nanoparticles showing improved mucosal transport” (Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); U.S. Pat. No. 9,022,970 titled “Ophthalmic injection device including dosage control device”, WO/2011/153349 titled “Ophthalmic compositions comprising pbo-peo-pbo block copolymers”, WO/2011/140203 titled “Stabilized ophthalmic galactomannan formulations”, WO/2011/068955 titled “Ophthalmic emulsion”, WO/2011/037908 titled “Injectable aqueous ophthalmic composition and method of use therefor”, US2007/0149593 titled “Pharmaceutical Formulation for Delivery of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibiting (RTKi) Compounds to the Eye”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,632,809 titled “Water insoluble polymer matrix for drug delivery” (Alcon, Inc.).

Additional non-limiting examples of drug delivery devices and methods include, for example, US20090203709 titled “Pharmaceutical Dosage Form For Oral Administration Of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor” (Abbott Laboratories); US20050009910 titled “Delivery of an active drug to the posterior part of the eye via subconjunctival or periocular delivery of a prodrug”, US 20130071349 titled “Biodegradable polymers for lowering intraocular pressure”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,481,069 titled “Tyrosine kinase microspheres”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,465,778 titled “Method of making tyrosine kinase microspheres”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,607 titled “Sustained release intraocular implants containing tyrosine kinase inhibitors and related methods”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,512,738 and US 2014/0031408 titled “Biodegradable intravitreal tyrosine kinase implants”, US 2014/0294986 titled “Microsphere Drug Delivery System for Sustained Intraocular Release”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,911,768 titled “Methods For Treating Retinopathy With Extended Therapeutic Effect” (Allergan, Inc.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,164 titled “Preparation of injectable suspensions having improved injectability” (Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics, Inc.); WO 2014/047439 titled “Biodegradable Microcapsules Containing Filling Material” (Akina, Inc.); WO 2010/132664 titled “Compositions And Methods For Drug Delivery” (Baxter International Inc. Baxter Healthcare SA); US20120052041 titled “Polymeric nanoparticles with enhanced drugloading and methods of use thereof” (The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc.); US20140178475, US20140248358, and US20140249158 titled “Therapeutic Nanoparticles Comprising a Therapeutic Agent and Methods of Making and Using Same” (BIND Therapeutics, Inc.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,103 titled “Polymer microparticles for drug delivery” (Danbiosyst UK Ltd.); U.S. Pat. No. 8,628,801 titled “Pegylated Nanoparticles” (Universidad de Navarra); US2014/0107025 titled “Ocular drug delivery system” (Jade Therapeutics, LLC); U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,588 titled “Agent delivering system comprised of microparticle and biodegradable gel with an improved releasing profile and methods of use thereof”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,549 titled “Bioactive agent delivering system comprised of microparticles within a biodegradable to improve release profiles” (Macromed, Inc.); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,007,845 and 5,578,325 titled “Nanoparticles and microparticles of non-linear hydrophilichydrophobic multiblock copolymers” (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); US20040234611, US20080305172, US20120269894, and US20130122064 titled “Ophthalmic depot formulations for periocular or subconjunctival administration (Novartis Ag); U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,539 titled “Block polymer” (Poly-Med, Inc.); US 20070071756 titled “Delivery of an agent to ameliorate inflammation” (Peyman); US 20080166411 titled “Injectable Depot Formulations And Methods For Providing Sustained Release Of Poorly Soluble Drugs Comprising Nanoparticles” (Pfizer, Inc.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,289 titled “Methods and compositions for enhanced delivery of bioactive molecules” (PR Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,663,674 titled “Microparticle containing matrices for drug delivery” (Surmodics).

IV. Uses of Active Compounds for Treatment of Selected Disorders

In one aspect, an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used to treat a medical disorder which is an inflammatory or immune condition, a disorder mediated by the complement cascade (including a dysfunctional cascade) including a complement D-related disorder, a disorder or abnormality of a cell that adversely affects the ability of the cell to engage in or respond to normal complement activity, or an undesired complement-mediated response to a medical treatment, such as surgery or other medical procedure or a pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical drug administration, a blood transfusion, or other allogenic tissue or fluid administration.

In one embodiment, the disorder is selected from fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis and liver failure. In one embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for treating fatty liver disease in a host by administering an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used to modulate an immune response prior to or during surgery or other medical procedure. One non-limiting example is use in connection with acute or chronic graft versus host disease, which is a common complication as a result of allogeneic tissue transplant, and can also occur as a result of a blood transfusion.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing dermatomyositis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

In another embodiment, a method is provided for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceutical or biotherapeutic (e.g. CAR T-cell therapy or monoclonal antibody therapy) in a host by administering an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. Various types of cytokine or inflammatory reactions may occur in response to a number of factors, such as the administrations of biotherapeutics. In one embodiment, the cytokine or inflammatory reaction is cytokine release syndrome. In one embodiment, the cytokine or inflammatory reaction is tumor lysis syndrome (which also leads to cytokine release). Symptoms of cytokine release syndrome range from fever, headache, and skin rashes to bronchospasm, hypotension and even cardiac arrest. Severe cytokine release syndrome is described as cytokine storm, and can be fatal.

Fatal cytokine storms have been observed in response to infusion with several monoclonal antibody therapeutics. See, Abramowicz D, et al. “Release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-2, and gamma-interferon in serum after injection of OKT3 monoclonal antibody in kidney transplant recipients” Transplantation (1989) 47(4):606-8; Chatenoud L, et al. “In vivo cell activation following OKT3 administration. Systemic cytokine release and modulation by corticosteroids” Transplantation (1990) 49(4):697-702; and Lim L C, Koh L P, and Tan P. “Fatal cytokine release syndrome with chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in a 71-year-old patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia” J. Clin Oncol. (1999) 17(6):1962-3.

Also contemplated herein, is the use of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein to mediate an adverse immune response in patients receiving bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTE). A bi-specific T-cell engager directs T-cells to target and bind with a specific antigen on the surface of a cancer cell. For example, Blinatumomab (Amgen), a BiTE has recently been approved as a second line therapy in Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blinatumomab is given by continuous intravenous infusion in 4-week cycles. The use of BiTE agents has been associated with adverse immune responses, including cytokine release syndrome. The most significantly elevated cytokines in the CRS associated with ACT include IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ (Klinger et al., Immunopharmacologic response of patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia to continuous infusion of T cell-engaging CD19/CD3-bispecific BiTE antibody blinatumomab. Blood (2012) 119:6226-6233).

In another embodiment, the disorder is episcleritis, idiopathic episcleritis, anterior episcleritis, or posterior episcleritis. In one embodiment, the disorder is idiopathic anterior uveitis, HLA-B27 related uveitis, herpetic keratouveitis, Posner Schlossman syndrome, Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis, or cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis.

In yet another embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

-   (i) vitritis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, or Lyme disease; -   (ii) retinal vasculitis, Eales disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, or     toxoplasmosis; -   (iii) neuroretinitis, viral retinitis, or acute retinal necrosis; -   (iv) varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus,     Epstein-Barr virus, lichen planus, or Dengue-associated disease     (e.g., hemorraghic Dengue Fever); -   (v) Masquerade syndrome, contact dermatitis, trauma induced     inflammation, UVB induced inflammation, eczema, granuloma annulare,     or acne.

In an additional embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

-   (i) acute myocardial infarction, aneurysm, cardiopulmonary bypass,     dilated cardiomyopathy, complement activation during cardiopulmonary     bypass operations, coronary artery disease, restenosis following     stent placement, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty     (PTCA), -   (ii) antibody-mediated transplant rejection, anaphylactic shock,     anaphylaxis, allogenic transplant, humoral and vascular transplant     rejection, graft dysfunction, graft-versus-host disease, Graves'     disease, adverse drug reactions, or chronic graft vasculopathy; -   (iii) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic neuritis,     drug allergy, radiation-induced lung injury, eosinophilic pneumonia,     radiographic contrast media allergy, bronchiolitis obliterans, or     interstitial pneumonia; -   (iv) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-dementia complex,     sporadic frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal dementia with     Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal lobar     degeneration, tangle only dementia, cerebral amyloid angiopathy,     cerebrovascular disorder, certain forms of frontotemporal dementia,     chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), PD with dementia (PDD),     argyrophilic grain dementia, dementia pugilistica, dementia with     Lewy Bodies (DLB), or multi-infarct dementia; -   (v) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, multifocal     motor neuropathy (MMN), prion protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy,     polymyositis, postencephalitic parkinsonism, subacute sclerosing     panencephalitis, non-Guamanian motor neuron disease with     neurofibrillary tangles, neural regeneration, or diffuse     neurofibrillary tangles with calcification.

In one embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

-   (i) atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, dermatomyositis     bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma, sclerodermatomyositis, psoriatic     arthritis, pemphigus vulgaris, Discoid lupus erythematosus,     cutaneous lupus, chilblain lupus erythematosus, or lupus     erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome; -   (ii) cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, mesenteric/enteric vascular     disorder, peripheral vascular disorder, antineutrophil cytoplasm     antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), IL-2 induced vascular     leakage syndrome, or immune complex vasculitis; -   (iii) angioedema, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, sickle cell     disease, platelet refractoriness, red cell casts, or typical or     infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (tHUS); -   (iv) hematuria, hemodialysis, hemolysis, hemorrhagic shock,     immunothrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic     purpura (TTP), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP),     drug-induced thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA),     azotemia, blood vessel and/or lymph vessel inflammation, rotational     atherectomy, or delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction; -   (v) British type amyloid angiopathy, Buerger's disease, bullous     pemphigoid, Clq nephropathy, cancer, or catastrophic     antiphospholipid syndrome.

In another embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

-   (i) wet AMD, dry AMD, chorioretinal degeneration, choroidal     neovascularization (CNV), choroiditis, loss of RPE function, loss of     vision (including loss of visual acuity or visual field), loss of     vision from AMD, retinal damage in response to light exposure,     retinal degeneration, retinal detachment, retinal dysfunction,     retinal neovascularization (RNV), retinopathy of prematurity, or RPE     degeneration; -   (ii) pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, symptomatic macular     degeneration related disorder, optic nerve degeneration,     photoreceptor degeneration, cone degeneration, loss of photoreceptor     cells, pars planitis, scleritis, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, or     formation of ocular drusen; -   (iii) chronic urticaria, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cold agglutinin     disease (CAD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), cryoglobulinemia,     cyclitis, damage of the Bruch's membrane, Degos disease, diabetic     angiopathy, elevated liver enzymes, endotoxemia, epidermolysis     bullosa, or epidermolysis bullosa acquisita; -   (iv) essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, excessive blood urea     nitrogen-BUN, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis,     Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, giant cell arteritis, gout,     Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis,     Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, or abnormal urinary sediments; -   (v) hepatitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human     immunodeficiency virus (HIV), -   (vi) a viral infection more generally, for example selected from     Flaviviridae, Retroviruses, Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, Adenoviridae,     Herpesviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae, Picornaviridae,     Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, or Hepadnaviridae; -   (vii) Neisseria meningitidis, shiga toxin E. coli-related hemolytic     uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS), Streptococcus, or poststreptococcal     glomerulonephritis.

In a further embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

-   (viii) hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, hypobolemic     shock, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome,     hypophosphastasis, hypovolemic shock, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome,     or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; -   (ix) inclusion body myositis, intestinal ischemia, iridocyclitis,     iritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, Kawasaki's disease (arteritis),     or lipiduria; -   (x) membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) I, microscopic     polyangiitis, mixed cryoglobulinemia, molybdenum cofactor deficiency     (MoCD) type A, pancreatitis, panniculitis, Pick's disease,     polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), progressive subcortical gliosis,     proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or     renovascular disorder; -   (xi) multiple organ failure, multiple system atrophy (MSA), myotonic     dystrophy, Niemann-Pick disease type C, chronic demyelinating     diseases, or progressive supranuclear palsy; -   (xii) spinal cord injury, spinal muscular atrophy,     spondyloarthropathies, Reiter's syndrome, spontaneous fetal loss,     recurrent fetal loss, pre-eclampsia, synucleinopathy, Takayasu's     arteritis, post-partum thryoiditis, thyroiditis, Type I     cryoglobulinemia, Type II mixed cryoglobulinemia, Type III mixed     cryoglobulinemia, ulcerative colitis, uremia, urticaria, venous gas     embolus (VGE), or Wegener's granulomatosis;

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is useful for treating or preventing a disorder selected from autoimmune oophoritis, endometriosis, autoimmune orchitis, Ord's thyroiditis, autoimmune enteropathy, coeliac disease, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) (Hughes syndrome), aplastic anemia, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (Canale-Smith syndrome), autoimmune neutropenia, Evans syndrome, pernicious anemia, pure red cell aplasia, thrombocytopenia, adipose dolorosa (Dercum's disease), adult onset Still's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, CREST syndrome, drug-induced lupus, eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman's syndrome), Felty syndrome, IgG4-related disease, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), palindromic rheumatism (Hench-Rosenberg syndrome), Parry-Romberg syndrome, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, relapsing polychondritis (Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger syndrome), retroperitonial fibrosis, rheumatic fever, Schnitzler syndrome, fibromyalgia, neuromyotonia (Isaac's disease), paraneoplastic degeneration, autoimmune inner ear disease, Meniere's disease, interstitial cystitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, zika virus-related disorders, chikungunya virus-related disorders, subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis, polymyalgia rheumatic, rheumatoid vasculitis, alopecia areata, autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, erythema nodosum, gestational pemphigoid, hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen sclerosus, linear IgA disease (LAD), morphea, myositis, pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, vitiligo post-myocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome), post-pericardiotomy syndrome, autoimmune retinopathy, Cogan syndrome, Graves opthalmopathy, ligneous conjunctivitis, Mooren's ulcer, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, optic neuritis, retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy (Susac's syndrome), sympathetic opthalmia, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, interstitial lung disease, antisynthetase syndrome, Addison's disease, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type I, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type II, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type III, disseminated sclerosis (multiple sclerosis, pattern II), rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, enthesitis-related arthritis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), autoimmune hepatitis or lupoid hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBS), primary sclerosing cholangitis, microscopic colitis, latent lupus (undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD)), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute motor axonal neuropathy, anti-n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, Balo concentric sclerosis (Schilders disease), Bickerstaff's encephalitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease, Lambert-Eaton mysathenic syndrome, Oshtoran syndrome, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus (PANDAS), progressive inflammatory neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, stiff person syndrome, Sydenhem syndrome, transverse myelitis, lupus vasculitis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Microscopic Polyangiitis, polymyositis or ischemic-reperfusion injury of the eye.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is useful for treating or preventing a disorder that is mediated by the complement pathway, and in particular, a pathway that is modulated by complement Factor D. In another embodiment, the compound is effective to treat the disorder, albeit through a different mechanism.

In certain embodiments, the disorder is an inflammatory disorder, an immune disorder, an autoimmune disorder, or complement Factor D related disorders in a host. In one embodiment, the disorder is an ocular disorder or an eye disorder.

Examples of eye disorders that may be treated according to the compositions and methods disclosed herein include amoebic keratitis, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratitis, viral keratitis, onchorcercal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, viral keratoconjunctivitis, corneal dystrophic diseases, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, Sjogren's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, autoimmune dry eye diseases, environmental dry eye diseases, corneal neovascularization diseases, post-corneal transplant rejection prophylaxis and treatment, autoimmune uveitis, infectious uveitis, anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis (including toxoplasmosis), pan-uveitis, an inflammatory disease of the vitreous or retina, endophthalmitis prophylaxis and treatment, macular edema, macular degeneration, age related macular degeneration, proliferative and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, an autoimmune disease of the retina, primary and metastatic intraocular melanoma, other intraocular metastatic tumors, open angle glaucoma, closed angle glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma and combinations thereof.

In a further embodiment, the disorder is selected from age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), vasculitis, hemodialysis, blistering cutaneous diseases (including bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, and epidermolysis bullosa), ocular cicatrical pemphigoid, uveitis, adult macular degeneration, diabetic retinopa retinitis pigmentosa, macular edema, Behcet's uveitis, multifocal choroiditis, Vogt-Koyangi-Harada syndrome, imtermediate uveitis, birdshot retino-chorioditis, sympathetic ophthalmia, ocular dicatricial pemphigoid, ocular pemphigus, nonartertic ischemic optic neuropathy, postoperative inflammation, and retinal vein occlusion, or uveitis (including Behcet's disease and other sub-types of uveitis).

In some embodiments, complement mediated diseases include ophthalmic diseases (including early or neovascular age-related macular degeneration and geographic atrophy), autoimmune diseases (including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases. In other embodiments, the compounds of the invention are suitable for use in the treatment of diseases and disorders associated with fatty acid metabolism, including obesity and other metabolic disorders.

Disorders that may be treated or prevented by an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein also include, but are not limited to:

-   (i) paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hereditary     angioedema, capillary leak syndrome, atypical hemolytic uremic     syndrome (aHUS), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), abdominal aortic     aneurysm, hemodialysis complications, hemolytic anemia, or     hemodialysis; -   (ii) myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, C3 glomerulonephritis     (C3GNs), MPGN II (dense deposit disease), neurological disorders,     Guillain Barre Syndrome, diseases of the central nervous system and     other neurodegenerative conditions, glomerulonephritis (including     membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis), SLE nephritis,     proliferative nephritis, liver fibrosis, tissue regeneration and     neural regeneration, or Barraquer-Simons Syndrome; -   (iii) inflammatory effects of sepsis, systemic inflammatory response     syndrome (SIRS), disorders of inappropriate or undesirable     complement activation, interleukin-2 induced toxicity during IL-2     therapy, inflammatory disorders, inflammation of autoimmune     diseases, system lupus erythematosus (SLE), Crohn's disease,     rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus nephritides,     arthritis, immune complex disorders and autoimmune diseases,     systemic lupus, or lupus erythematosus; -   (iv) ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury), myocardial     infarction, myocarditis, post-ischemic reperfusion conditions,     balloon angioplasty, atherosclerosis, post-pump syndrome in     cardiopulmonary bypass or renal bypass, renal ischemia, mesenteric     artery reperfusion after aortic reconstruction, antiphospholipid     syndrome, autoimmune heart disease, ischemia-reperfusion injuries,     obesity, or diabetes; -   (v) Alzheimer's dementia, stroke, schizophrenia, traumatic brain     injury, trauma, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, transplant rejection,     prevention of fetal loss, biomaterial reactions (e.g. in     hemodialysis, inplants), hyperacute allograft rejection, xenograft     rejection, transplantation, psoriasis, burn injury, thermal injury     including burns or frostbite; -   (vi) asthma, allergy, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),     cystic fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, dyspnea,     hemoptysis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema,     pulmonary embolisms and infarcts, pneumonia, fibrogenic dust     diseases, inert dusts and minerals (e.g., silicon, coal dust,     beryllium, and asbestos), pulmonary fibrosis, organic dust diseases,     chemical injury (due to irritant gases and chemicals, e.g.,     chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen     dioxide, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid), smoke injury, thermal     injury (e.g., burn, freeze), bronchoconstriction, hypersensitivity     pneumonitis, parasitic diseases, Goodpasture's Syndrome     (anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis), pulmonary vasculitis,     Pauci-immune vasculitis, or immune complex-associated inflammation.

In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of myasthenia gravis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of C3 glomerulonephritis in host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm in host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of sickle cell in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of immunothrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of ANCA-vasculitis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of IgA nephropathy in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN), in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of lupus nephritis, in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of hemorraghic dengue fever, in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing an inflammatory disorder or a complement related disease, by administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing an inflammatory disorder more generally, an immune disorder, autoimmune disorder, or complement Factor D related disease in a host, by providing an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein to patient with a Factor D mediated inflammatory disorder. An active compound or its salt or composition as described herein as the only active agent or may be provided together with one or more additional active agents.

In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of a disorder associated with a dysfunction in the complement cascade in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method of inhibiting activation of the alternative complement pathway in a subject is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method of modulating Factor D activity in a subject is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

In an additional alternative embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used in the treatment of an autoimmune disorder.

The complement pathway enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from the body. It is part of the innate immune system and in healthy individuals is an essential process. Inhibiting the complement pathway will decrease the body's immune system response. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to treat autoimmune disorders by administering an effective does of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein to a subject in need thereof.

In one embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by activity of the complement system. In one embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by activity of the alternative complement pathway. In one embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by activity of the classical complement pathway. In another embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by a mechanism of action that is not directly related to the complement system, such as the over-proliferation of T-lymphocytes or the over-production of cytokines.

Non-limiting examples of autoimmune disorders include: lupus, allograft rejection, autoimmune thyroid diseases (such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), autoimmune uveoretinitis, giant cell arteritis, inflammatory bowel diseases (including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, granulomatous enteritis, distal ileitis, regional ileitis, and terminal ileitis), diabetes, multiple sclerosis, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used in the treatment of lupus. Non-limiting examples of lupus include lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus, discoid lupus erythematosus, chilblain lupus erythematosus, or lupus erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome.

Lupus erythematosus is a general category of disease that includes both systemic and cutaneous disorders. The systemic form of the disease can have cutaneous as well as systemic manifestations. However, there are also forms of the disease that are only cutaneous without systemic involvement. For example, SLE is an inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in women, and is characterized by articular symptoms, butterfly erythema, recurrent pleurisy, pericarditis, generalized adenopathy, splenomegaly, as well as CNS involvement and progressive renal failure. The sera of most patients (over 98%) contain antinuclear antibodies, including anti-DNA antibodies. High titers of anti-DNA antibodies are essentially specific for SLE. Conventional treatment for this disease has been the administration of corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.

There are three forms of cutaneous lupus: chronic cutaneous lupus (also known as discoid lupus erythematosus or DLE), subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute cutaneous lupus. DLE is a disfiguring chronic disorder primarily affecting the skin with sharply circumscribed macules and plaques that display erythema, follicular plugging, scales, telangiectasia and atrophy. The condition is often precipitated by sun exposure, and the early lesions are erythematous, round scaling papules that are 5 to 10 mm in diameter and display follicular plugging. DLE lesions appear most commonly on the cheeks, nose, scalp, and ears, but they may also be generalized over the upper portion of the trunk, extensor surfaces of the extremities, and on the mucous membranes of the mouth. If left untreated, the central lesion atrophies and leaves a scar. Unlike SLE, antibodies against double-stranded DNA (e.g., DNA-binding test) are almost invariably absent in DLE.

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder that is believed to be T lymphocyte dependent. MS generally exhibits a relapsing-remitting course or a chronic progressive course. The etiology of MS is unknown, however, viral infections, genetic predisposition, environment, and autoimmunity all appear to contribute to the disorder. Lesions in MS patients contain infiltrates of predominantly T lymphocyte mediated microglial cells and infiltrating macrophages. CD4+T lymphocytes are the predominant cell type present at these lesions. The hallmark of the MS lesion is plaque, an area of demyelination sharply demarcated from the usual white matter seen in MRI scans. Histological appearance of MS plaques varies with different stages of the disease. In active lesions, the blood-brain barrier is damaged, thereby permitting extravasation of serum proteins into extracellular spaces. Inflammatory cells can be seen in perivascular cuffs and throughout white matter. CD4+ T-cells, especially Thl, accumulate around postcapillary venules at the edge of the plaque and are also scattered in the white matter. In active lesions, up-regulation of adhesion molecules and markers of lymphocyte and monocyte activation, such as IL2-R and CD26 have also been observed. Demyelination in active lesions is not accompanied by destruction of oligodendrocytes. In contrast, during chronic phases of the disease, lesions are characterized by a loss of oligodendrocytes and hence, the presence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in the blood.

Diabetes can refer to either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In one embodiment an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is provided at an effective dose to treat a patient with type 1 diabetes. In one embodiment an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is provided at an effective dose to treat a patient with type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease results when the body's system for fighting infection (the immune system) turns against a part of the body. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin.

V. Combination Therapy

In one embodiment an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination or alternation with or preceded by, concomitant with or followed by, an effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent, for example, for treatment of a disorder listed herein. Non-limiting examples of second active agents for such combination therapy are provided below.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination or alternation with at least one additional inhibitor of the complement system or a second active compound with a different biological mechanism of action. In the description below and herein generally, whenever any of the terms referring to an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein are used, it should be understood that pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs or compositions are considered included, unless otherwise stated or inconsistent with the text.

In non-limiting embodiments, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided together with a protease inhibitor, a soluble complement regulator, a therapeutic antibody (monoclonal or polyclonal), complement component inhibitor, receptor agonist, or siRNA.

In other embodiments, an active compound described herein is administered in combination or alternation with an antibody against tumor necrosis factor (TNF), including but not limited to infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, or a receptor fusion protein such as etanercept (Embrel).

In another embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an anti-CD20 antibody, including but not limited to rituximab (Rituxan), adalimumab (Humira), ofatumumab (Arzerra), tositumomab (Bexxar), obinutuzumab (Gazyva), or ibritumomab (Zevalin).

In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an anti-IL6 antibody, including but not limited to tocilizumab (Actemra) and siltuximab (Sylvant).

In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an IL17 inhibitor, including but not limited to secukibumab (Cosentyx).

In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with a p40 (IL12/IL23) inhibitor, including but not limited to ustekinumab (Stelara).

In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with an IL23 inhibitor, including but not limited to risankizumab.

In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with an anti-interferon α antibody, for example but not limited to sifalimumab.

In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with a kinase inhibitor, for example but not limited to a JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor, for example but not limited to tofacitinib (Xelianz). In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, for example but not limited to baracitibib.

In another embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Non-limiting examples of checkpoint inhibitors are anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL1 antibodies (for example, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Pidilizumab and Atezolizumab) and anti-CTLA4 antibodies (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab).

Non-limiting examples of active agents that can be used in combination with active compounds described herein are:

Protease inhibitors: plasma-derived C1-INH concentrates, for example Cetor® (Sanquin), Berinert-P® (CSL Behring, Lev Pharma), and Cinryze®; recombinant human C1-inhibitors, for example Rhucin®; ritonavir (Norvir®, Abbvie, Inc.);

Soluble complement regulators: Soluble complement receptor 1 (TP10) (Avant Immunotherapeutics); sCR1-sLe^(x)/TP-20 (Avant Immunotherapeutics); MLN-2222/CAB-2 (Millenium Pharmaceuticals); Mirococept (Inflazyme Pharmaceuticals);

Therapeutic antibodies: Eculizumab/Soliris (Alexion Pharmaceuticals); Pexelizumab (Alexion Pharmaceuticals); Ofatumumab (Genmab A/S); TNX-234 (Tanox); TNX-558 (Tanox); TA106 (Taligen Therapeutics); Neutrazumab (G2 Therapies); Anti-properdin (Novelmed Therapeutics); HuMax-CD38 (Genmab A/S);

Complement component inhibitors: Compstatin/POT-4 (Potentia Pharmaceuticals); ARC1905 (Archemix);

Receptor agonists: PMX-53 (Peptech Ltd.); JPE-137 (Jerini); JSM-7717 (Jerini);

Others: Recombinant human MBL (rhMBL; Enzon Pharmaceuticals);

Imides and glutarimide derivatives such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide;

Additional non-limiting examples that can be used in combination or alternation with an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein include the following.

Non-limiting examples of potential therapeutics for combination therapy Name Target Company Class of Molecule LFG316 C5 Novartis/ Monoclonal antibody Morphosys 4(1MEW)APL-1, C3/C3b Apella Compstatin Family APL-2 4(1MeW)POT-4 C3/C3b Potentia Compstatin Family Anti-C5 siRNA C5 Alnylam Si-RNA Anti-FB siRNA CFB Alnylam SiRNA ARC1005 C5 Novo Nordisk Aptamers ATA C5 N.A. Chemical Coversin C5 Volution Small animal protein Immuno- Pharmaceuticals CP40/AMY-101, C3/C3b Amyndas Compstatin Family PEG Cp40 CRIg/CFH CAP C3 NA CFH-based protein convertase Cynryze C1n/C1s ViroPharma/ Human purified Baxter protein FCFD4514S CFD Genentech/ Monoclonal antibody Roche H17 C3 (C3b/ EluSys Monoclonal antibody iC3b) Therapeutics Mini-CFH CAP C3 Amyndas CFH-based protein convertase Mirococept CAP and NA CR1-based protein (APT070) CCP C3 Mubodine C5 Adienne Monoclonal antibody RA101348 C5 Rapharma Small molecule sCR1 (CDX-1135) CAP and Celldex CR1-based protein CP C3 SOBI002 C5 Swedish Orphan Affibody Biovitrum SOMAmers C5 SomaLogic Aptamers SOMAmers CFB and SomaLogic Aptamers (SELEX) CFD TA106 CFB Alexion Monoclonal antibody Pharmaceuticals TNT003 C1s True North Monoclonal antibody TT30 (CR2/CFH) CAP C3 Alexion CFH-based protein convertase TT32 (CR2/CR1) CAP and Alexion CR1-based protein CCP C3 Pharmaceuticals Nafamostat C1s, CFD, Torri Small molecule (FUT-175, Futhan) other Pharmaceuticals proteases OMS721 MASP-2 Omeros Monoclonal antibody OMS906 MASP-2 Omeros Monoclonal antibody Bikaciomab, CFB Novelmed Monoclonal antibody NM9308 NM9401 Properdin Novelmed Monoclonal antibody CVF, HC-1496 C3 InCode Recombinant peptide ALXN1102/ C3-conv, Alexion Regulator ALXN1103 (TT30) C3b Pharmaceuticals rFH C3-conv, Optherion Regulator C3b 5C6, AMY-301 CFH Amyndas Regulator Erdigna C5 Adienne Pharma Antibody ARC1905 C5 Opthotech Monoclonal Antibody MEDI7814 C5/C5a MedImmune Monoclonal Antibody NOX-D19 C5a Noxxon Aptamer (Spiegelmer) IFX-1, CaCP29 C5a InflaRx Monoclonal Antibody PMX53, PMX205 C5aR Cephalon, Teva Peptidomimetic CCX168 C5aR ChemoCentryx Small molecule ADC-1004 C5aR Alligator Small molecule Bioscience Anti-C5aR-151, C5aR Novo Nordisk Monoclonal Antibody NN8209; Anti- C5aR-215, NN8210 Imprime PGG CR3 Biothera Soluble beta-glucan

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided together with a compound that inhibits an enzyme that metabolizes an administered protease inhibitor. In one embodiment, a compound or salt may be provided together with ritonavir.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a complement C5 inhibitor or C5 convertase inhibitor. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed to the complement factor C5 and manufactured and marketed by Alexion Pharmaceuticals under the tradename Soliris. Eculizumab has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of PNH and aHUS.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided together with a compound that inhibits complement factor D. In one embodiment of the invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein as described herein can be used in combination or alternation with a compound described in Biocryst Pharmaceuticals U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,340 titled “Compounds useful in the complement, coagulate and kallikrein pathways and method for their preparation” describes fused bicyclic ring compounds that are potent inhibitors of Factor D; Novartis PCT patent publication WO2012/093101 titled “Indole compounds or analogues thereof useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration” describes certain Factor D inhibitors; Novartis PCT patent publications WO2014/002051, WO2014/002052, WO2014/002053, WO2014/002054, WO2014/002057, WO2014/002058, WO2014/002059, WO2014/005150, WO2014/009833, WO 2013/164802, WO 2015/009616, WO 2015/066241, Bristol-Myers Squibb PCT patent publication WO2004/045518 titled “Open chain prolyl urea-related modulators of androgen receptor function”; Japan Tobacco Inc. PCT patent publication WO1999/048492 titled “Amide derivatives and nociceptin antagonists”; Ferring B.V. and Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. LTD. PCT patent publication WO1993/020099 titled “CCK and/or gastrin receptor ligands”; Alexion Pharmaceuticals PCT patent publication WO1995/029697 titled “Methods and compositions for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and other inflammatory diseases”; or Achillion Pharmaceuticals filed PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017523 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,090 titled “Alkyne Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017538 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,233 titled “Amide Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017554 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,312 titled “Amino Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017583 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,440 titled “Carbamate, Ester, and Ketone Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017593 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,625 titled “Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Heterocyclic Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017597 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,683 titled “Ether Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017600 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,785 titled “Phosphonate Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders”; and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017609 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/631,828 titled “Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders.”

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered in combination with an anti-inflammatory drug, antimicrobial agent, anti-angiogenesis agent, immunosuppressant, antibody, steroid, ocular antihypertensive drug or combinations thereof. Examples of such agents include amikacin, anecortane acetate, anthracenedione, anthracycline, an azole, amphotericin B, bevacizumab, camptothecin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine digluconate, clortrimazole, a clotrimazole cephalosporin, corticosteroids, dexamethasone, desamethazone, econazole, eftazidime, epipodophyllotoxin, fluconazole, flucytosine, fluoropyrimidines, fluoroquinolines, gatifloxacin, glycopeptides, imidazoles, itraconazole, ivermectin, ketoconazole, levofloxacin, macrolides, miconazole, miconazole nitrate, moxifloxacin, natamycin, neomycin, nystatin, ofloxacin, polyhexamethylene biguanide, prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, pegaptanib, platinum analogues, polymicin B, propamidine isethionate, pyrimidine nucleoside, ranibizumab, squalamine lactate, sulfonamides, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triazoles, vancomycin, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, VEGF antibodies, VEGF antibody fragments, vinca alkaloid, timolol, betaxolol, travoprost, latanoprost, bimatoprost, brimonidine, dorzolamide, acetazolamide, pilocarpine, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, cefazolin, voriconazole, gancyclovir, cidofovir, foscamet, diclofenac, nepafenac, ketorolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, fluoromethalone, rimexolone, anecortave, cyclosporine, methotrexate, tacrolimus and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with at least one immunosuppressive agent. The immunosuppressive agent as non-limiting examples, may be a calcineurin inhibitor, e.g. a cyclosporin or an ascomycin, e.g. Cyclosporin A (NEORAL®), FK506 (tacrolimus), pimecrolimus, a mTOR inhibitor, e.g. rapamycin or a derivative thereof, e.g. Sirolimus (RAPAMUNE), Everolimus (Certican®), temsirolimus, zotarolimus, biolimus-7, biolimus-9, a rapalog, e.g.ridaforolimus, azathioprine, campath 1H, a SIP receptor modulator, e.g. fingolimod or an analogue thereof, an anti IL-8 antibody, mycophenolic acid or a salt thereof, e.g. sodium salt, or a prodrug thereof, e.g. Mycophenolate Mofetil (CELLCEPT®), OKT3 (ORTHOCLONE OKT3@), Prednisone, ATGAM®, THYMOGLOBULIN®, Brequinar Sodium, OKT4, T10B9.A-3A, 33B3.1, 15-deoxyspergualin, tresperimus, Leflunomide ARAVA®, CTLAI-Ig, anti-CD25, anti-IL2R, Basiliximab (SIMULECT®), Daclizumab (ZENAPAX®), mizorbine, methotrexate, dexamethasone, ISAtx-247, SDZ ASM 981 (pimecrolimus, Elidel®), CTLA41g (Abatacept), belatacept, LFA31g, etanercept (sold as Enbrel® by Immunex), adalimumab (Humira®), infliximab (Remicade®), an anti-LFA-1 antibody, natalizumab (Antegren®), Enlimomab, gavilimomab, antithymocyte immunoglobulin, siplizumab, Alefacept efalizumab, pentasa, mesalazine, asacol, codeine phosphate, benorylate, fenbufen, naprosyn, diclofenac, etodolac and indomethacin, tocilizumab (Actemra), siltuximab (Sylvant), secukibumab (Cosentyx), ustekinumab (Stelara), risankizumab, sifalimumab, aspirin and ibuprofen.

Examples of anti-inflammatory agents include methotrexate, dexamethasone, dexamethasone alcohol, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, fluromethalone acetate, fluromethalone alcohol, lotoprendol etabonate, medrysone, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, difluprednate, rimexolone, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, lodoxamide tromethamine, aspirin, ibuprofen, suprofen, piroxicam, meloxicam, flubiprofen, naproxan, ketoprofen, tenoxicam, diclofenac sodium, ketotifen fumarate, diclofenac sodium, nepafenac, bromfenac, flurbiprofen sodium, suprofen, celecoxib, naproxen, rofecoxib, glucocorticoids, diclofenac, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is combined with one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) selected from naproxen sodium (Anaprox), celecoxib (Celebrex), sulindac (Clinoril), oxaprozin (Daypro), salsalate (Disalcid), diflunisal (Dolobid), piroxicam (Feldene), indomethacin (Indocin), etodolac (Lodine), meloxicam (Mobic), naproxen (Naprosyn), nabumetone (Relafen), ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol), naproxen/esomeprazole (Vimovo), and diclofenac (Voltaren), and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered in combination or alteration with an omega-3 fatty acid or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) agonist. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to reduce serum triglycerides by inhibiting DGAT and by stimulating peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta oxidation. Two omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been found to have high affinity for both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma. Marine oils, e.g., fish oils, are a good source of EPA and DHA, which have been found to regulate lipid metabolism. Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to have beneficial effects on the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, especially mild hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and on the coagulation factor VII phospholipid complex activity. Omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides, increase serum HDL-cholesterol, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the pulse rate, and lower the activity of the blood coagulation factor VII-phospholipid complex. Further, omega-3 fatty acids seem to be well tolerated, without giving rise to any severe side effects. One such form of omega-3 fatty acid is a concentrate of omega-3, long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil containing DHA and EPA and is sold under the trademark Omacor®. Such a form of omega-3 fatty acid is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,502,077, 5,656,667 and 5,698,594, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily ligand-activated transcription factors that are related to retinoid, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. There are three distinct PPAR subtypes that are the products of different genes and are commonly designated PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta/delta (or merely, delta) and PPAR-gamma. General classes of pharmacological agents that stimulate peroxisomal activity are known as PPAR agonists, e.g., PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists and PPAR-delta agonists. Some pharmacological agents are combinations of PPAR agonists, such as alpha/gamma agonists, etc., and some other pharmacological agents have dual agonist/antagonist activity. Fibrates such as fenofibrate, bezafibrate, clofibrate and gemfibrozil, are PPAR-alpha agonists and are used in patients to decrease lipoproteins rich in triglycerides, to increase HDL and to decrease atherogenic-dense LDL. Fibrates are typically orally administered to such patients. Fenofibrate or 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid, 1-methylethyl ester, has been known for many years as a medicinally active principle because of its efficacy in lowering blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination with an anti-VEGF agent. Non-limiting examples of anti-VEGF agents include, but are not limited to, aflibercept (Eylea®; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals); ranibizumab (Lucentis®: Genentech and Novartis); and pegaptanib (Macugen®; OSI Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer); Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech/Roche); anecortane acetate, squalamine lactate, and corticosteroids, including, but not limited to, triamcinolone acetonide.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein with an additional inhibitor of the complement system or another active compound with a different biological mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with eculizumab. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with CP40. In one embodiment, the additional agent is PEGylated-CP40. CP40 is a peptide inhibitor that shows a strong binding affinity for C3b and inhibits hemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) erythrocytes.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising an active compound or its salt or composition as describedh erein in combination or alternation with an additional inhibitor of the complement system, or an active agent that functions through a different mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or altemation with methotrexate. In certain embodiments, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered in combination or alternation with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from: salicylates including aspirin (Anacin, Ascriptin, Bayer Aspirin, Ecotrin) and salsalate (Mono-Gesic, Salgesic); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); nonselective inhibitors of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, including diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), ketoprofen (Orudis), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), piroxicam (Feldene), etodolac (Lodine), indemethacin, oxaprozin (Daypro), nabumetone (Relafen), and meloxicam (Mobic); selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors including Celecoxib (Celebrex); disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including azathioprine (Imuran), cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral), gold salts (Ridaura, Solganal, Aurolate, Myochrysine), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), leflunomide (Arava), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), penicillamine (Cuprimine), and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine); biologic drugs including abatacept (Orencia), etanercept (Enbrel), infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), and anakinra (Kineret); corticosteroids including betamethasone (Celestone Soluspan), cortisone (Cortone), dexamethasone (Decadron), methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol, DepoMedrol), prednisolone (Delta-Cortef), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), and triamcinolone (Aristocort); gold salts, including Auranofin (Ridaura); Aurothioglucose (Solganal); Aurolate; Myochrysine; or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with an additional inhibitor of the complement system, or an active agent that functions through a different mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with a corticosteroid. Examples of corticosteroids include, but are not limited to, prednisone, dexamethasone, solumedrol, and methylprednisolone. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is combined with at least one anti-multiple sclerosis drug, for example, selected from: Aubagio (teriflunomide), Avonex (interferon beta-1a), Betaseron (interferon beta-1b), Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), Extavia (interferon beta-1b), Gilenya (fingolimod), Lemtrada (alemtuzumab), Novantrone (mitoxantrone), Plegridy (peginterferon beta-1a), Rebif (interferon beta-1a), Tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate), Tysabri (natalizumab), Solu-Medrol (methylprednisolone), High-dose oral Deltasone (prednisone), H.P. Acthar Gel (ACTH), or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is useful in a combination with another pharmaceutical agent to ameliorate or reduce a side effect of the agent. For example, in one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be used in combination with adoptive cell transfer therapies to reduce an associated inflammatory response associated with such therapies, for example, a cytokine mediated response such as cytokine release syndrome. In one embodiment, the adoptive cell transfer therapy includes the use of a chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell (CAR T). In one embodiment, the adoptive cell transfer therapy includes the use of a chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell (CAR T) or a dendritic cell to treat a hematologic or solid tumor, for example, a B-cell related hematologic cancer. In one embodiment, the hematologic or solid tumor is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, or a cancer that expresses CD19.

In an additional alternative embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with eculizumab for the treatment of PNH, aHUSs, STEC-HUS, ANCA-vasculitis, AMD, CAD, chronic hemolysis, neuromyelitis optica, or transplantation rejection. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with compstatin or a compstatin derivative for the treatment of PNH, aHUSs, STEC-HUS, ANCA-vasculitis, AMD, CAD, chronic hemolysis, neuromyelitis optica, or transplantation rejection.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with rituxan for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener's Granulomatosis), and Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA). In one embodiment, the disorder is Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with cyclophosphamide for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, the disorder is an autoimmune disease. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener's Granulomatosis), and Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA). In one embodiment, the disorder is Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is dosed in combination with a conventional DLE treatment for the treatment of lupus to a subject in need thereof.

Examples of conventional DLE treatments include topical corticosteroid ointments or creams, such as triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone, flurandrenolide, betamethasone valerate, or betamethasone dipropionate. Resistant plaques can be injected with an intradermal corticosteroid. Other potential DLE treatments include calcineurin inhibitors such as pimecrolimus cream or tacrolimus ointment. Particularly resistant cases can be treated with systemic antimalarial drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine (PLAQUENIL).

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with azathioprine for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a corticosteroid for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a belimumab (Benlysta) for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with sifalimumab for the treatment of Lupus.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with OMS721 (Omeros) for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with OMS906 (Omeros) for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is, for example, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or aHUS.

In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with an anti-inflammatory agent, immunosuppressive agent, or anti-cytokine agent for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics (e.g. adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) such as CAR T-cell therapy, or monoclonal antibody therapy). In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a corticosteroid, for example prednisone, dexamethasone, solumedrol, and methylprednisolone, and/or anti-cytokine compounds targeting, e.g., IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13 and TGF. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with an anti-cytokine inhibitor including, but are not limited to, adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, protopic, efalizumab, alefacept, anakinra, siltuximab, secukibumab, ustekinumab, golimumab, and tocilizumab, or a combination thereof. Additional anti-inflammatory agents that can be used in combination with an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(s) (NSAIDs); cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drug(s) (CSAIDs); CDP-571/BAY-10-3356 (humanized anti-TNFα antibody; Celltech/Bayer); cA2/infliximab (chimeric anti-TNFα antibody; Centocor); 75 kdTNFR-IgG/etanercept (75 kD TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein; Immunex); 55 kdTNF-IgG (55 kD TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein; Hoffmann-LaRoche); IDEC-CE9.1/SB 210396 (non-depleting primatized anti-CD4 antibody; IDEC/SmithKline); DAB 486-IL-2 and/or DAB 389-IL-2 (IL-2 fusion proteins; Seragen); Anti-Tac (humanized anti-IL-2Rα; Protein Design Labs/Roche); IL-4 (anti-inflammatory cytokine; DNAX/Schering); IL-10 (SCH 52000; recombinant IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokine; DNAX/Schering); IL-4; IL-10 and/or IL-4 agonists (e.g., agonist antibodies); IL-IRA (IL-1 receptor antagonist; Synergen/Amgen); anakinra (Kineret®/Amgen); TNF-bp/s-TNF (soluble TNF binding protein); R973401 (phosphodiesterase Type IV inhibitor); MK-966 (COX-2 Inhibitor); Iloprost, leflunomide (anti-inflammatory and cytokine inhibiton); tranexamic acid (inhibitor of plasminogen activation); T-614 (cytokine inhibitor); prostaglandin E1; Tenidap (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Naproxen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Meloxicam (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Piroxicam (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Indomethacin (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Sulfasalazine; Azathioprine; ICE inhibitor (inhibitor of the enzyme interleukin-1β converting enzyme); zap-70 and/or Ick inhibitor (inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase zap-70 or Ick); TNF-convertase inhibitors; anti-IL-12 antibodies; anti-IL-18 antibodies; interleukin-1l; interleukin-13; interleukin-17 inhibitors; gold; penicillamine; chloroquine; chlorambucil; hydroxychloroquine; cyclosporine; cyclophosphamide; anti-thymocyte globulin; anti-CD4 antibodies; CD5-toxins; orally-administered peptides and collagen; lobenzarit disodium; Cytokine Regulating Agents (CRAB) HP228 and HP466 (Houghten Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); ICAM-1 antisense phosphorothioate oligo-deoxynucleotides (ISIS 2302; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); soluble complement receptor 1 (TP10; T Cell Sciences, Inc.); prednisone; orgotein; glycosaminoglycan polysulphate; minocycline; anti-IL2R antibodies; marine and botanical lipids (fish and plant seed fatty acids); auranofin; phenylbutazone; meclofenamic acid; flufenamic acid; intravenous immune globulin; zileuton; azaribine; mycophenolic acid (RS-61443); tacrolimus (FK-506); sirolimus (rapamycin); amiprilose (therafectin); cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine).

In a specific embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a corticosteroid for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with etarnercept for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with tocilizumab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with etarnercept and tocilizumab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with infliximab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with golimumab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics.

VI. Combinations for Prophylactic or Concommitant Anti-Bacterial Therapy

In one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of a prophylactic anti-bacterial vaccine prior to administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of a prophylactic anti-bacterial drug, such as a pharmaceutical drug, prior to administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of an anti-bacterial vaccine after administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of an anti-bacterial drug, such as a pharmaceutical drug, after administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In one embodiment, the disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the host has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the host is also administered eculizumab.

In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a host concomitantly to a subject following the prophylactic administration of a vaccine against a bacterial infection. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a subject concomitantly with the prophylactic administration of a vaccine against a bacterial infection. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a subject and, during the administration period of the compound or salt, a vaccine against a bacterial infection is administered to the subject. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

In one aspect of the present invention, the subject is administered an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination with an antibiotic compound for the duration of factor D inhibitor administration. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a subject following the prophylactic administration of a vaccine against a bacterial infection, and in combination with an antibiotic compound for the duration of factor D inhibitor administration. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

In one embodiment, the subject, prior to receiving an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein, is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. In one embodiment, the Haemophilus influenzae is Haemophilus influenzae serotype B (Hib). In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae, or a combination of one or more of Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

In other embodiments, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium selected from a Gram-negative bacterium. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium selected from a Gram-positive bacterium. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneunemoniae, or a combination of one or more of Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae, and one or more of, but not limited to, Bacillus anthracis, Bordetella pertussis, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Coxiella burnetii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia canis, Neorickettsia sennetsu, Mycobacterium leprae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia mayonii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Mycobacterium bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Treponema pallidum, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis,

In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated with one or more vaccines selected from, but not limited to, typhoid vaccine, live (Vivotif Berna Vaccine, PaxVax), typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi, Sanofi), pneumococcal 23-polyvalent vaccine, PCV13 (Pneumovax 23, Merck), pneumococcal 7-valent vaccine, PCV7 (Prevnar, Pfizer), pneumococcal 13-valent vaccine, PCV13 (Prevnar 13, Pfizer), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine (ActHIB, Sanofi; Hibrix, GSK), haemophilus b conjugate (hboc) vaccine (HibTITER, Neuron Biotech), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-omp) vaccine (PedvaxHIB, Merck), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine/meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenHibrix, GSK), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine/meningococcal conjugate vaccine/Hepatitis B vaccine (Comvax, Merck), meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Menomune A/C/Y/W-135, Sanofi), meningococcal conjugate vaccine/diphtheria CRM197 conjugate (Menveo, GSK; Menactra, Sanofi), meningococcal group B vaccine (Bexsero, GSK; Trumenba, Pfizer), anthrax vaccine adsorbed (Biothrax, Emergent Biosolutions), tetanus toxoid (Te Anatoxal Berna, Hendricks Regional Health), Bacillus Calmette and Guérin, live, intravesical (TheraCys, Sanofi; Tice BCG, Organon), cholera vaccine, live, oral (Vachora, Sanofi; Dukoral, SBL Vaccines; ShanChol, Shantha Biotec; Micromedex, Truven Health), tetanus toxoids and diphtheria absorbed (Tdap; Decavac, Sanofi; Tenivac, Sanofi; td, Massachusetts Biological Labs), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis (DTap; Daptacel, Sanofi; Infanrix, GSK; Tripedia, Sanofi), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis/polio (Kinrix, GSK; Quadracel, Sanofi), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis tetanus/hepatitis B/polio (Pediarix, GSK), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis/polio, haemophilus influenza type b (Pentacel, Sanofi), and/or diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap; Boostrix, GSK; Adacel, Sanofi), or a combination thereof.

As described above, a subject receiving a compound of the present invention to treat a disorder is prophylactically administered an antibiotic compound in addition to a factor D inhibitor described herein. In one embodiment, the subject is administered an antibiotic compound for the duration of administration of the active compound to reduce the development of a bacterial infection. Antibiotic compounds for concomitant administration with a factor D inhibitor described herein can be any antibiotic useful in preventing or reducing the effect of a bacterial infection. Antibiotics are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, amikacin (Amikin), gentamicin (Garamycin), kanamycin (Kantrex), neomycin (Neo-Fradin), netilmicin (Netromycin), tobramycin (Nebcin), paromomycin (Humatin), streptomycin, spectinomycin (Trobicin), geldanamycin, herbimycin, rifaximin (Xifaxan), loracarbef (Lorabid), ertapenem (Invanz), doripenem (Doribax), imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin), meropenem (Merrem), cefadroxil (Duricef), cefazolin (Ancef), cefalotin/cefalothin (Keflin), cephalexin (Keflex), cefaclor (Distaclor), cefamandole (Mandol), cefoxitin (Mefoxin), cefprozil (Cefzil), cefuroxime (Ceftin, Zinnat), cefixime (Cefspan), cefdinir (Omnicef, Cefdiel), cefditoren (Spectracef, Meiact), cefoperazone (Cefobid), cefotaxime (Claforan), cefpodoxime (Vantin) ceftazidime (Fortaz), ceftibuten (Cedax), ceftizoxime (Cefizox), ceftriaxone (Rocephin), cefepime (Maxipime), ceftaroline fosamil (Teflaro), ceftobiprole (Zeftera), teicoplanin (Targocid), vancomycin (Vancocin), telavancin (Vibativ), dalbavancin (Dalvance), oritavancin (Orbactiv), clindamycin (Cleocin), lincomycin (Lincocin), daptomycin (Cubicin), azithromycin (Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone), clarithromycin (Biaxin), dirithromycin (Dynabac), erythromycin (Erythocin, Erythroped), roxithromycin, troleandomycin (Tao), telithromycin (Ketek), spiramycin (Rovamycine), aztreonam (Azactam), furazolidone (Furoxone), nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid), linezolid (Zyvox), posizolid, radezolid, torezolid, amoxicillin (Novamox, Amoxil), ampicillin (Principen), azlocillin, carbenicillin (Geocillin), cloxacillin (Tegopen), dicloxacillin (Dynapen), flucloxacillin (Floxapen), mezlocillin (Mezlin), methicillin (Stapheillin), nafcillin (Unipen), oxacillin (Prostaphlin), penicillin G (Pentids), penicillin V (Veetids (Pen-Vee-K), piperacillin (Pipracil), penicillin G (Pfizerpen), temocillin (Negaban), ticarcillin (Ticar), amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin), ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn), piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn), ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin), bacitracin, colistin (Coly-Mycin-S), polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay), enoxacin (Penetrex), gatifloxacin (Tequin), gemifloxacin (Factive), levofloxacin (Levaquin), lomefloxacin (Maxaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), nalidixic acid (NegGram), norfloxacin (Noroxin), ofloxacin (Floxin, Ocuflox), trovafloxacin (Trovan), grepafloxacin (Raxar), sparfloxacin (Zagam), temafloxacin (Omniflox), mafenide (Sulfamylon), sulfacetamide (Sulamyd, Bleph-10), sulfadiazine (Micro-Sulfon), silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene), sulfadimethoxine (Di-Methox, Albon), sulfamethizole (Thiosulfil Forte), sulfamethoxazole (Gantanol), sulfanilamide, sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) (Bactrim, Septra), sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil), demeclocycline (Declomycin), doxycycline (Vibramycin), minocycline (Minocin), oxytetracycline (Terramycin), tetracycline (Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin), clofazimine (Lamprene), dapsone (Avlosulfon), capreomycin (Capastat), cycloserine (Seromycin), ethambutol (Myambutol), ethionamide (Trecator), isoniazid (I.N.H.), pyrazinamide (Aldinamide), rifampicin (Rifadin, Rimactane), rifabutin (Mycobutin), rifapentine (Priftin), streptomycin, arsphenamine (Salvarsan), chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin), fosfomycin (Monurol, Monuril), fusidic acid (Fucidin), metronidazole (Flagyl), mupirocin (Bactroban), platensimycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid), thiamphenicol, tigecycline (Tigacyl), tinidazole (Tindamax Fasigyn), trimethoprim (Proloprim, Trimpex), and/or teixobactin, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the subject is administered a prophylactic antibiotic selected from cephalosporin, for example, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, Penicillin G, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, aztreonam, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, vancomycin, clindamycin, cefazolin, azithromycin, meropenem, ceftaroline, tigecycline, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefuroxime, axetil, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, minocycline, spiramycin, and cefixime, or a combination of two or more thereof.

VII. Process of Preparation of Compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ Abbreviations

-   ACN Acetonitrile -   Ac Acetyl -   Ac₂O Acetic anhydride -   AcOEt, EtOAc ethyl acetate -   AcOH Acetic acid -   Boc₂O di-tert-butyl dicarbonate -   Bu Butyl -   CAN Ceric ammonium nitrate -   CBz Carboxybenzyl -   CDI Carbonyldiimidazole -   CH₃OH, MeOH Methanol -   CsF Cesium fluoride -   CuI Cuprous iodide -   DCM, CH₂Cl₂ Dichloromethane -   DIEA, DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine -   DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide -   DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide -   DMS Dimethyl sulfide -   DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide -   DPPA Diphenyl phosphoryl azide -   EDCI 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide -   Et Ethyl -   Et₃N, TEA Triethylamine -   EtOAc Ethylacetate -   EtOH Ethanol -   HATU     1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium3-oxide     hexafluorophosphate -   HCl Hydrochloric acid -   HOBT Hydroxybenzotriazole -   iBu, i-Bu, isoBu Isobutyl -   iPr, i-Pr, isoPr Isopropyl -   ^(i)Pr₂NEt N,N-diisopropylethylamine -   K₂CO₃ Potassium carbonate -   K₂CO₃ Potassium carbonate -   LiOH Lithium hydroxide -   Me Methyl -   MeI Methyl iodide -   Ms Mesyl -   MsCl Mesylchloride -   MTBE Methyl ^(t)butylether -   Na₂SO₄ Sodium sulfate -   NaCl Sodium chloride -   NaH Sodium hydride -   NaHCO₃ Sodium bicarbonate -   NBS N-bromo succinimide -   NCS N-chloro succinimide -   NEt₃ Trimethylamine -   NMP N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone -   PCC Pyridinium chlorochromate -   Pd (OAc)₂ Palladium acetate -   Pd(dppf)Cl₂     [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) -   Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride -   Pd(PPh₃)₄ Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) -   Pd/C Palladium on carbon -   Pd₂(dba)₃ Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(O) -   PMB 4-Methoxybenzyl ether -   PPh₃ Triphenylphosphine -   Pr Propyl -   Py, py Pyridine -   RT Room temperature -   TBAF Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride -   TBAT Tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenylsilicate -   tBu, t-Bu Tertbutyl -   tBuOK Potassium tert-butoxide -   TEA Trimethylamine -   Tf₂O Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride -   TFA Trifluoroacetic acid -   THE Tetrahydrofuran -   TMS Trimethylsilane -   TMSBr Bromotrimethylsilane -   t_(R) Retention time -   Troc 2,2,2-Trichlorethoxycarbonyl chloride -   Zn (CN)₂ Zinc cyanide     General Methods

All nonaqueous reactions were performed under an atmosphere of dry argon or nitrogen gas using anhydrous solvents. The progress of reactions and the purity of target compounds were determined using one of the two liquid chromatography (LC) methods listed below. The structure of starting materials, intermediates, and final products was confirmed by standard analytical techniques, including NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

LC Method A

-   -   Instrument: Waters Acquity Ultra Performance LC     -   Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 m     -   Column Temperature: 40° C.     -   Mobile Phase: Solvent A: H₂O+0.05% FA; Solvent B: CH₃CN+0.05% FA     -   Flow Rate: 0.8 mL/min     -   Gradient: 0.24 min @ 15% B, 3.26 min gradient (15-85% B), then         0.5 min @ 85% B.     -   Detection: UV (PDA), ELS, and MS (SQ in EI mode)

LC Method B

-   -   Instrument: Shimadzu LC-2010A HT     -   Column: Athena, C18-WP, 50×4.6 mm, 5 μm     -   Column Temperature: 40° C.     -   Mobile Phase: Solvent A: H₂O/CH₃OH/FA=90/10/0.1; Solvent B:         H₂O/CH₃OH/FA=10/90/0.1     -   Flow Rate: 3 mL/min     -   Gradient: 0.4 min @ 30% B, 3.4 min gradient (30-100% B), then         0.8 min @ 100% B     -   Detection: UV (220/254 nm)

LC Method C

-   -   Instrument: Agilent 1100/1200 series LC system with DAD detector     -   Column: Atlantis dC18 (250×4.6) mm, 5 μm     -   Column Temperature: Ambient     -   Mobile Phase A: 0.1% TFA in water, Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile     -   Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min     -   Gradient:

Time (min) 0.0 15 2.0 23 30 % B 10 100 100 10 10

-   -   Detection: (210-400 nm)

LC Method D

-   -   Instrument: Shimadzu LC 20AD system with PDA detector     -   Column: Phenomenex Gemini NX C18 (150×4.6) mm, 5 μm     -   Column Temperature: Ambient     -   Mobile Phase A: 10 mM NH₄OAC in water, Mobile Phase B:         Acetonitrile     -   Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min     -   Gradient:

Time 0.0 15 20 23 30 % B 10 100 100 10 10

-   -   Detection: (210-400 nm)

Example 1. General Route of Synthesis

A compound of the present invention can be prepared, for example, from a central core. In one embodiment, for example, the central core Structure 1 is an N-protected aminoacid where X¹ is nitrogen and PG=protecting group. In one embodiment, the central core is coupled to an amine to generate an amide of Structure 2 (wherein L-B includes a C(O)N moiety). Structure 2 can then be deprotected to generate Structure 3. Structure 3 is coupled to Structure 4 (A-COOH) to generate a second amide bond, forming a compound within Formula I. The chemistry is illustrated in Route 1.

In an alternative embodiment, central core Structure 5 is reacted with a heterocyclic or heteroaryl compound to generate a compound of Structure 6. In one embodiment, Structure 6 is deprotected to generate a carboxylic acid, Structure 7. In one embodiment, Structure 7 is coupled to an amine to generate a compound of Formula I. This chemistry is illustrated in Route 2.

In an alternative embodiment, Structure 8 is deprotected to generate an amine which is Structure 9. Structure 9 is then coupled to generate an amide which is Structure 6. Structure 6 is then deprotected to generate a carboxylic acid which is Structure 7. Structure 7 is then coupled to form the amide which falls within Formula I. The chemistry is illustrated in Route 3.

In an alternate embodiment, a heteroaryl or aryl moiety, 4-1, is coupled to a central core to generate 4-2. The protected acid, 4-2 is deblocked to form the carboxylic acid, 4-3. The carboxylic acid is then coupled to form an amide (L-B) which is 4-4. The heteroaryl or aryl moiety, A′, can then be further derivatized to add substituents at the X¹¹, X¹², X¹³ and X¹⁴ positions to generate compounds of Formula I. This chemistry is illustrated in Route 4.

In an alternate embodiment, Structure 5-1 is coupled to an acid, Structure 5-2, to generate Structure 5-3. The carboxylic acid, Structure 5-3, is deblocked to generate a carboxylic acid which is Structure 5-4. Carboxylic acid Structure 5-4 is coupled to an amine to form the product amide (L-B) which is a compound within Formula I. This chemistry is illustrated in Route 5.

Example 2. Examples of Central Synthons

Z^(A) is halogen.

In one embodiment, deuterated L-proline synthons are disclosed. Deuterated synthons include, but are not limited to, for example, the following compounds:

Structure A can be treated with deuterium oxide to generate Structure B. See, Barraclough, P. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4653-4655; Barraclough, P. et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 4, 1483-1491 and WO 2014/037480 (p. 103). Structure B can be reduced to generate Structure C. See, Barraclough, P. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4653-4655; Barraclough, P. et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 4, 1483-1491. Structure C can be treated with Mitsunobu reaction conditions to generate Structure D. Structure B can be treated with DAST to generate Structure E. See, WO 2014/037480. Structure A can be treated with sodium borodeuteride to generate Structure F. See, Dormoy, J.-R.; Castro, B. Synthesis 1986, 81-82. Compound F can be used to generate Structure K. See, Dormoy, J.-R.; Castro, B. Synthesis 1986, 81-82. Structure B can be treated with a deuterated reducing agent, for example sodium borodeuteride to generate Structure G. Structure G can be treated with DAST to generate Structure H. Structure F can be used to generate Structure K. See, Dormoy, J.-R.; Castro, B. Synthesis 1986, 81-82. Structure G can be used to generate Structure I. Structure J can be prepared according to Hruby, V. J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 202-212. Structures A-J can be used to prepare compounds of Formula I.

Example 3. Preparation of Central-L-B Synthons

In Route 1a, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 5-(1,1-dimethylethyl) ester, (4S)-, CAS 209269-08-9, can be prepared as described in Tandon, M. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 1139-1144. In Step 2, the protected azaspiro[2.4]heptane is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 3, the protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

In Route 1b, (4S) 4-oxazolidinecarboxylic acid, hydrochloride is treated with an amine protecting reagent. In one embodiment, the amine protecting reagent is di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. In another embodiment, 3,4-oxazolidinedicarboxylic acid, 3-(1,1-dimethylethyl) ester, (4S)-, is commercially available from JPM2 Pharmaceuticals. In one embodiment the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent in the presence of a base. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is acetonitrile. In one embodiment, the base is 4-dimentylaminopyridine (DMAP). In Step 2, the protected 4-oxazolidinecarboxylic acid is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 3, the protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

In Route 1c, (S)-5-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-6-caboxylic acid, CAS 1129634-44-1, is commercially available from Ark Pharm. In Step 2, the carboxylic acid is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 3, the protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

In Route 2a, commercially available Boc-L-proline is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

In Route 2b, commercially available (1R, 3S, 5R)-2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylic acid, from Enamine, is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

In Route 2c, commercially available (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, from Manchester Organics, is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

In Route 2d, commercially available (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indoline-2-carboxylic acid, from Chem-Impex, is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane. This chemistry is illustrated in Scheme 2.

Additional starting materials that can readily be converted to Central-L-B-Synthons include, but are not limited to: (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, CAS 90104-21-5, available from Ark Pharm; cyclopent-1-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, CAS 3128-15-2, purchased from Ark Pharm; imidazole, 1H-imidazole-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl) 2-ethyl ester, CAS 553650-00-3, commercially available from FCH Group; Boc-L-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid can be purchased from Chem Impex. The compound,

can be prepared according to the procedures disclosed in WO 2004/111041; (S)—Boc-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from the Aldrich Chemical Co.; (1S,2S,5R)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]hexane-2-carboxylic acid is available from Ark Pharm; (S)-3-Boc-thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from Alfa Aesar; (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-chloropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from Arch Bioscience; (1S,3aR,6aS)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid is available from Ark Pharm; 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid, 3-[[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]-, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl) ester, (2S,3R) can be prepared as disclosed in WO 2004/007501. The Cbz group can be removed and the amino group can be alkylated to generate central core compounds of the present invention.

The compound

can be prepared as disclosed by Braun, J.V.; Heymons, Albrecht Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft [Abteilung] B: Abhandlungen (1930) 63B, 502-7.

The compounds (2S,3S,4S)-4-fluoro-3-methoxy-pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester and (2R,3R,4R)-3-fluoro-4-methoxy-pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester can be prepared as a mixture according to WO 2012/093101 to Novartis and the regioisomers can be ultimately separated once coupled to generate the central core-L-B synthons. The compound (S)—Boc-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from the Aldrich Chemical Co.

Example 4. Synthesis of L-B Moieties

Scheme 4-1: In Step I the appropriately substituted dibromo species is coupled with an appropriate boronic acid as known in the art to form a mixture of biaryl and triaryl products from which the desired biaryl compound is isolated. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted biaryl species is converted to the Grignard reagent with activated magnesium. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is treated with the previously prepared Grignard reagent to form an alcohol. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted alcohol is converted to a bromide as known in the art with carbon tetrabromide and triphenyl phosphine. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted bromide is converted to the Grignard reagent with activated magnesium.

Example 5. Synthesis of C-L-B Moieties

Scheme 5-1: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form an amide. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected species is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted amine is Cbz-protected as known in the art to form a protected carboxylic acid. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid can be orthogonally protected as known in the art to form an ester. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted and protected alkene is subjected to a carbene to form a bicyclic ring. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted ester is saponified with acid to liberate the carboxylic acid. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted Cbz-protected species is deprotected with hydrogen to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-2: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted sulfide is oxidized to a sulfoxide as known in the art. Alternatively, in Step 2 the appropriately substituted sulfide is oxidized to a sulfone as known in the art. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form an amide. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected species is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-3: In Step I the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is converted to the acyl chloride as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted acyl chloride is converted to the Weinreb amide as known in the art. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted Weinreb amide is reacted with a Grignard reagent to afford a ketone. The synthesis of complex Grignard reagents is described in Example 4. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted carbamate protected amine is deprotected to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-4: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted amide is converted to a thioamide with Lawesson's reagent. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected amine is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-5: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is converted to a Weinreb amide as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted Weinreb amide is reduced as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is subjected to an amine to form a Schiff base which is subsequently quenched in Step 4. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted Schiff base is subjected to an appropriate nucleophile to form a complex amine. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected species is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-6: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted alcohol is subjected to TMS-Cl as known in the art to afford a silyl ether. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted silyl ether is subjected with sodium cyanide to afford a cyano species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted cyano species is reduced as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is further reduced with borane to afford an alcohol. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted alcohol is oxidized as known in the art to afford a carboxylic acid. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form an amide. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted ester is converted to a methyl ketone by in situ formation of the Weinreb amide with subsequent attack by the methyl Grignard reagent. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted methyl ketone is subjected to bromine to afford a bromide. By choice of the appropriate starting material all mixtures of chiral centers may be prepared as described.

Example 6. Synthesis of a Moieties

Scheme 6-1: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted nitro species is reduced with palladium as known in the art to afford an amine. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted alkene species is brominated with concurrent addition of ethanol as known in the art to afford the bromide species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted mixture of tautomers is subjected to the previously prepared bromide species as known in the art to afford the two isomers. The appropriately substituted isomers corresponding to each tautomer may either be separated or used as a mixture in the subsequent reactions with separation at a later step. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted ketal species is deprotected and subsequently cyclized in the presence of acid as known in the art. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted cyano species is subjected to strong acid to afford a primary amide. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. Various 5-5 fused bicyclic systems can be appropriately prepared by slight modifications of this synthetic protocol, another non-limiting example is presented in Steps 5 through 12 with the same conditions for formation of a primary amide and installation of linker. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted aryl species is brominated as known in the art. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted ether species is deprotected with palladium as known in the art to afford an alcohol. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted alcohol is oxidized as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 10 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is subjected to hydrazine to first form a Schiff base and subsequently cyclize to afford a bicyclic system. In Step 11 the appropriately substituted bicyclic system is iodinated as known in the art. In Step 12 the appropriately substituted iodide is subjected to sodium cyanide to afford the cyano species.

Scheme 6-2: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted nitro species is reduced with palladium as known in the art to afford an amine. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted alkene species is brominated with concurrent oxidation with ethanol as known in the art to afford the bromide species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aryl species is subjected to the previously prepared bromide species as known in the art to afford a bicycle precursor. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted ketal species is deprotected and subsequently cyclized in the presence of acid as known in the art. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted cyano species is subjected to strong acid to afford a primary amide. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. Various 5-5 fused bicyclic systems can be appropriately prepared by slight modifications of this synthetic protocol, another non-limiting example is presented in Steps 5 through 12 with the same conditions for formation of a primary amide and installation of linker. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted aryl species is brominated as known in the art. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted ether species is deprotected with palladium as known in the art to afford an alcohol. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted alcohol is oxidized as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 10 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is subjected to hydrazine to first form a Schiff base and subsequently cyclize to afford a bicyclic system. In Step 11 the appropriately substituted bicyclic system is iodinated as known in the art. In Step 12 the appropriately substituted iodide is subjected to sodium cyanide to afford a cyano species.

Example 7. Synthesis of L3-A Moieties

Scheme 7-1: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted aryl compound is subjected to a bromide to afford a sulfonic acid substituted species. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted sulfonic acid

Example 8. Coupling of L3-A to C-L-B

Scheme 8-1: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted amine is subjected to a sulfonyl chloride which can be prepared as described in Scheme 7-1 to afford a compound of Formula I.

Scheme 8-2: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted amine is subjected to a phosphonic dichloride which can be prepared as described in Scheme 7-2 followed by a subsequent quench with water to afford a compound of Formula I.

Scheme 8-3: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted oxetane is subjected to conditions known in the art to form an amino/cyano substituted species. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted cyano species is reduced as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is reduced with borane to afford an alcohol. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted alcohol is converted to a bromide as known in the art. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted bromide is subjected to a heteroaryl species as known in the art to afford a compound of Formula I.

Scheme 8-4: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted bromide is-subjecteto a heteroaryl species to afford a compound of Formula I.

Scheme 8-5: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form a compound of Formula I.

Example 9. Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″

Step-1: tert-Butyl 2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetate (S2)

To (1H-indazol-3-yl)ethan-1-one (5 g, 1 equiv) and potassium carbonate (4.75 g, 1.1 equiv) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was added tert-butyl bromoacetate (5.07 mL, 1.1 equiv) dropwise at rt. The resulting mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 24 hours. Then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with water-CHCl₃. The organic phase was separated and washed with water, dried and concentrated. The solid obtained was washed with a mixture of 50 mL of heptane and 25 mL of diethyl ether. The white solid was isolated by filtration and dried to afford the desired product.

Step-2: 2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic Acid (S3)

tert-Butyl 2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetate (0.072 g, 1 equiv) was taken in a mixture of 1 mL of DCM and 1 mL of TFA and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and was carried forward without further purification.

Step-1: tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-2-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S2)

To a stirred solution of N-Boc-trans-4-fluoro-proline (25 g, 1 equiv), 3-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (14.5 mL, 1.2 equiv) and HATU (53 g, 1.3 equiv) in DMF (250 mL) was added DIPEA (37 mL, 2 equiv) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixture was poured into water and filtered and the collected solid was washed with excess water. The solid was dissolved in DCM and washed with 10% NaHCO₃, 1.5 N HCl, and brine. The solvent was removed under vacuum, hexane was added, and the precipitated solid was collected by filtration to afford the title product (27 g).

Step-2: tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S3)

A stirred solution of tert-butyl (2S,4R)-2-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (30 g, 1 equiv), bis(pinacolato)diboron (47 g, 2.5 equiv), PdCl₂(dppf) (12 g, 0.22 equiv) and KOAc (21.8 g, 3 equiv) in 570 mL dioxane was purged with nitrogen gas for 10 min and then heated at 90° C. for 12 hours. Then the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue obtained was purified by column chromatography to afford the title product as a viscous liquid (31.5 g).

Step-3: tert-Butyl (2S,4R)-2-((3-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S4)

6-Bromo-7-chlorobenzimidazole (1.1 g) and tert-butyl (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (4.4 g), PdCl₂(dppf) (0.778 g) and K₂CO₃ (3.3 g) were taken up in a round bottom flask kept under argon. 60 mL of dioxane and 15 mL of water were added to this mixture. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and heated with stirring at 100° C. overnight. Then the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford 1.6 g the title compound as a tan solid.

Step-4: 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate (S5)

Troc-Cl (2.65 mL, 1.2 equiv) was added dropwise to a mixture of tert-butyl (2S,4R)-2-((3-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (7.8 g, 1 equiv) and K₂CO₃ (3.4 g, 1.5 equiv) in DCM (98 mL), cooled to 0° C. This mixture was stirred for 1 hour at the same temperature. Then the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography to afford the title product as an off-white solid (8.4 g).

Step-5: 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 7-chloro-6-(2-fluoro-3-((2S,4R)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate (S6)

2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate (1 g) was stirred in a mixture of DCM (10 mL) and TFA (5 mL) for 30 min. Then the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with MTBE and decanted. The solid obtained was dried to afford the title product and this material was used in the next step without further purification.

Step-6: 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate(S7)

2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (compound S3 from scheme 9-1, 72 mg) was dissolved in DMF (1.5 mL) and DIPEA (0.288 mL) was added followed by the addition of (2S,4R)-2-((3-(7-chloro-1-((2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)carbonyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-ium 2,22-trifluoroacetate (TFA salt, 0.188 g) at 5° C. HATU (119 mg) was then added slowly at this same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then added to water (25 mL+5 g solid NaCl) and extracted with DCM (2×15 mL). The organic layer was washed successively with an aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL), water (10 mL), and brine (10 mL), then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH) to afford the title compound.

Step-7: (2S, 4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (S8)

2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate (127 mg) was dissolved in THF (1.5 mL) and treated with TBAF (1 M in THF, 0.185 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH) to afford the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.13-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=22, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (brs, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 12.85 (brs, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.7, −175.9. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.63 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 577.

Step 1: 2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-3-nitrobiphenyl (S3)

To a solution of compound S1 (10.0 g, 45.68 mmol) and compound S2 (9.26 g, 59.38 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL)/water (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (15.78 g, 114.2 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (3.34 g, 4.59 mmol). The reaction was degassed twice and stirred at 120° C. overnight under N₂ protection. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=500:1 to 100:1) to afford compound S3 (10 g, yield 80%) as a yellow solid.

Step 2: 2′-Chloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-3-amine (S4)

To a solution of compound S3 (10 g, 39.8 mmol) in MeOH (250 mL) was added zinc powder (23.5 g, 358.6 mmol) and 3 M HCl (133 mL, 398 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated to afford compound S4 (5 g, yield 60%), which was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS: m/z 222 (M+H)+.

Step 3: (tert-Butyl (2S,3R)-1-(2′-chloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-3-ylamino)-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl Carbamate (S6)

To a solution of compound S4 (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol), compound S5 (1.09 g, 4.98 mmol) and DIPEA (1.17 g, 9.05 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added HATU (2.06 g, 5.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (acidic condition, using CH₃CN/H₂O as eluent) to afford compound S6 (0.5 g, yield 30%) as a white solid.

Step 4: (2S,3R)-2-Amino-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-3-hydroxybutanamide (S7)

A mixture of compound S6 (840 mg, 1.99 mmol) and HCl/dioxane (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated to afford the crude compound S7 (700 mg), which was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS: m/z 323 (M+H)⁺.

Step 5: (2S,3R)-2-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indol-1-yl)acetamido)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-3-hydroxybutanamide (7)

To a solution of compound S7 (75 mg, 0.23 mmol), compound S8 (61 mg, 0.28 mmol), and DIPEA (150 mg, 1.17 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added HATU (195 mg, 0.51 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (acidic condition, using CH₃CN/H₂O as eluent) to afford the desired product S9 as a white solid (50 mg, yield 42%). LC-MS: m/z 522 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR: 9.86 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.17˜8.19 (m, 1H), 8.00 (t, 1H), 7.60˜7.62 (m, 1H), 7.41˜7.52 (m, 4H), 7.23˜7.27 (m, 3H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 5.28 (d, 1H), 5.11 (dd, 2H), 4.55 (dd, 1H), 4.18 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.12 (d, 3H).

Step-1: tert-Butyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetate (S2)

1H-Indazole-3-carboxamide (56 g, 347 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃CN (500 mL). To this solution tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (82 g, 61.5 mL) and potassium carbonate (77.4 g, 560 mmol) were added. The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 3 hours under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of Celite. The solid cake was washed with CH₃CN (120 mL) and the combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography to afford the title compound (70 g).

Step-2: 2-(3-Carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S3)

tert-Butyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetate (1.0 g) was taken in 4 N HCl in dioxane (10 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the remaining residue (Scheme 9-4 compound S3) was used directly without further purification.

Step-1: 1-(3′-Amino-6-chloro-2′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)ethanone (S2)

To a mixture of 3-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (2.61 g), (5-acetyl-2-chlorophenyl)boronic acid (6.8 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (2.24 g), and K₂CO₃ (9.47 g) under an atmosphere of argon was added dioxane (60 mL) and water (15 mL). The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and heated with stirring at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-0.5% MeOH in DCM) to afford the title compound as an orange-yellow oil.

Step-2: (E)-1-(3′-Amino-6-chloro-2′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)ethanone O-methyl oxime (S3)

1-(3′-amino-6-chloro-2′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)ethanone (450 mg) and 0.214 g of O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in anhydrous pyridine (4.5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 30 min. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM) to afford the title compound as a thick colorless resin.

Step-3: (2S,4R)-tert-Butyl 2-((2′-chloro-2-fluoro-5′-((E)-1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S4)

To an ice-cold solution of (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.377 g) in DCM (7 mL) was added 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine (0.214 mL, 1.1 equiv) dropwise with stirring. The stirring was continued for 3 hours at this temperature. (E)-1-(3′-Amino-6-chloro-2′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)ethanone O-methyl oxime (0.43 g) in a minimum amount of DCM was then added, followed by DIEA (0.77 mL, 3 equiv). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The solvent was co-evaporated with MeOH (3 mL). The remaining residue was then dissolved in chloroform (30 mL) and washed successively with cold 1 N aq HCl (3×20 mL), water (30 mL), and a saturated aq NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Finally, the residue was purified by column chromatography to afford the title compound as a white solid.

Step-4: (2S,4R)—N-(2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-5′-((E)-1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (S5)

(2S,4R)-tert-Butyl 2-((2′-chloro-2-fluoro-5′-((E)-1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (127 mg) was stirred in DCM (1.5 mL) and TFA (1.5 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was-used as such for the next step.

Step-5: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-5′-((E)-1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (8)

At a temperature of 5° C., 2-(3-carbamoyl-H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Scheme 9-4 compound S3, 50 mg) was dissolved in DMF (1.0 mL) and DIPEA (0.199 mL) was added. This was followed by the addition of (2S,4R)—N-(2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-5′-((E)-1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide. HATU (104 mg) was then added slowly at this same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then added to water (25 mL+5 g solid NaCl) and extracted with chloroform (2×15 mL). The organic layer was washed successively with an aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL), water (10 mL), and brine (10 mL), then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH) to afford the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.08-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.54-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.99 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=22, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.36 (s, 3H), 7.41 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.67 (m, 4H), 7.73 (dd, J=8.4, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.7, −175.9. LC (method A): t_(R)=2.38 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+]⁺ 609.

Step 1: (2S,4R)-tert-Butyl 2-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S2)

To an ice-cold solution of (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (10 g) in DCM (200 mL) was added 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine (6.24 mL, 1.1 equiv) dropwise with stirring. The stirring was continued for 3 hours at this temperature. 3-Bromo-2-fluoroaniline (8.96 g, 1.1 equiv) was then added, followed by DIEA (22.4 mL, 3 equiv). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The solvent was co-evaporated with MeOH (3 mL). The remaining residue was then dissolved in chloroform (30 mL) and washed successively with cold 1 N aq HCl (3×20 mL), water (30 mL), and a saturated aq NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Finally, the residue was washed with 50 mL of ether, filtered and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid.

Step 2: (2S,4R)—N-(3-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide TFA salt (S3)

(2S,4R)-tert-Butyl 2-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (1.0 g) was stirred in DCM (10 mL) and TFA (10 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was used as such for the next step.

Step 3: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S4)

2-(3-Carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Scheme 9-4 compound S3, 0.515 g) was dissolved in DMF (6.0 mL) and DIPEA (2.05 mL) was added, which was followed by the addition of (2S,4R)—N-(3-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (TFA salt from previous step) at 5° C. HATU (1.07 g) was then added slowly at this same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at rt. The reaction mixture was then added to water (25 mL+5 g solid NaCl) and the precipitated solid was isolated, dried and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH) to afford the title compound.

Step 4: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S5) and (3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (S6)

A solution of 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.8 g, 2.63 mmol), 4,4,4,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (1.20 g, 6.6 mmol), and KOAc (0.464 g) in dioxane (10 mL) was degassed and refilled with argon twice. To this solution was added Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (258 mg) under an atmosphere of argon. The solution was heated at 90° C. for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography to afford scheme 9-6 compound S5 (0.83 g) and scheme 9-6 compound S6 (0.230 g).

Step 1: 4-Bromo-3-chloro-2-nitroaniline (S2)

A solution of NBS (10.31 g) in DMF (25 mL) was added to a solution of 3-chloro-2-nitroaniline in DMF (100 mL) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at room temperature overnight. The orange solution was taken up in EtOAc and washed 3 times with water. Then the organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was rinsed with hexanes and collected via filtration to provide 13 g of the title compound as a brown solid.

Step 2: 4-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (S3)

A mixture of 10 g of 4-bromo-3-chloro-2-nitroaniline and 36 g of SnCl₂.2H₂O in EtOH (150 mL) was heated at reflux for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, then was quenched carefully with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution until slightly basic. The thick mixture was extracted with EtOAc. Dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 6.7 g of 4-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine as a tan solid.

Step 3: 5-Bromo-4-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (S4)

To a solution of 4-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (0.1 g) in DMF (2 mL) at room temperature 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.110 g) was added. The resulting homogeneous solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and then poured into 20 mL of water. The title compound was isolated by filtration, washed with water containing a few drops of 2 N aq. HCl and dried under high vacuum.

Step 4: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-(4-Chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (11)

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (Scheme 9-6 compound S5, 0.222 g) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (0.05 g), PdCl₂(dppf) (33 mg) and K₂CO₃ (0.139 g) were taken in a microwave vial under argon. 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added to this mixture. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min. Finally, the vial was subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. Then solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a cream colored solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.11-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.61 (m, 1H), 3.88-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=21.6, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 9.94 (s, 1H), 10.97 (s, 1H), 11.18 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d) (major rotamer): δ-126.7, -175.9. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.39 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 594.

Step 1: (S)-1-(6-Bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanol (S2)

Compound 14 was prepared following the procedure from Reddy and Reddy (Chem. Pharm. Bull 2010, 58, 953-956): a heterogeneous mixture of 4-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (0.2 g) and (S)-lactic acid in 4N aq. HCl (2 mL) was refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and neutralized with aq. ammonia. The resulting heterogeneous reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-3.5% MeOH in DCM) to afford the title compound as an orange yellow solid.

Step 2: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-(7-Chloro-2-((S)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (14)

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (Scheme 9-6 compound S5, 0.170 g) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (0.045 g), PdCl₂(dppf) (25 mg) and K₂CO₃ (0.106 g) were taken in a microwave vial under argon. 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added to this mixture. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min. Finally, the vial was subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. Then solvent was removed under reduced pressure the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-8.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a light gray solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) (major rotamer): δ 1.54 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 2.14-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.65 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=20.4, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.17 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CD₃OD)(major rotamer): δ −128.4, 178.6. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.31 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M]⁻ 622.

Step-1: (1H-Thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-5-yl)methanol (S2)

To the solution of methyl 1-acetyl-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole-5-carboxylate (1.12 g, 5 mmol) in THE (20 mL), the solution of LiAlH₄ in THF (1M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. After the completion of the addition, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with water carefully. The mixture was filtered through celite and the residue was washed with ethyl acetate. The combined solution was dried with MgSO₄. The solution was concentrated and the residue was used for next step without further purification.

Step-2: 5-(Azidomethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (S3)

(1H-Thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-5-yl)methanol from step 1 was dissolved in 20 mL of THF and mixed with (PhO)₂P(O)N₃ (1.65 g, 1.3 mL, 6.0 mmol). Then DBU (1.14 g, 1.12 mL, 7.5 mmol) was added dropwise to the solution. The mixture was stirred overnight and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified to afford 350 mg of desire product. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 4.67 (s, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 13.07 (s, 1H) ppm. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.16 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 180.14.

Step-3: 5-(Azidomethyl)-3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (S4)

5-(Azidomethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (350 mg, 1.94 mmol) in 10 mL DMF was treated with iodine (761 mg, 3.0 mmol), followed by powder KOH (154 mg, 5.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with 50 mL water, followed by addition of 10% Na₂S₂O₃ solution (5 mL). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). The combined organic solution was washed with brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solution was filtered and concentrated, and the residue was used for next step without purification. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.80 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 305.99.

Step-4: tert-Butyl 2-(5-(azidomethyl)-3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (S5)

To the solution of 5-(azidomethyl)-3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole in CH₃CN (30 mL), tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (0.34 mL, 2.34 mmol) and solid potassium carbonate (686 mg, 5.0 mmol) were added. The mixture was refluxed in an oil bath overnight under Ar. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The solid cake was washed with additional CH₃CN (20 mL), and the combined solution was concentrated. The residue was purified to afford pure major isomer (457 mg) and minor isomer. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): (major isomer) δ: 1.46 (s, 9H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H) ppm. LC/MS t_(R)=2.63 min, [M+H]⁺ 422.91. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): (minor isomer) δ: 1.46 (s, 9H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H) ppm. LC (method A): t_(R)=2.69 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 420.04.

Step-5: tert-Butyl 2-(5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (S6)

The solution of tert-butyl 2-(5-(azidomethyl)-3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (210 mg, 0.5 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was bubbled with Ar. To the solution, CuI (0.5 mmol) and ethynylcyclopropane (2.0 mmol) were added. The reaction was sealed in a 10 ml-sized tube and heated at 85° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The residue was washed with ethyl acetate and the combined solution was concentrated to afford crude trizole product for next step use.

Step-6: tert-Butyl 2-(3-cyano-5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (S7)

To the degassed solution of tert-butyl 2-(5-((4-cyclopropyl-H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate in the co-solvents DMF (3 mL) and water (0.3 mL), Zn(CN)₂ (88 mg, 0.75 mmol), Pd(dppf)₂C₁₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ were added under Ar. The mixture was heated at 100° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (15 mL) and filtered through a pad of Celite. The residue was washed with additional 30 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was concentrated, and the residue was purified to afford 106 mg of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.83-0.86 (m, 2H), 0.93-0.98 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.90-1.97 (m, 1H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H) ppm. LC (method A): t_(R)=2.18 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 385.24.

Step-7: 2-(3-Carbamoyl-5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S8)

A solution of tert-butyl 2-(3-cyano-5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (80 mg, 0.21 mmol) in TFA (1.5 mL) and water (0.3 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 60 min. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene (10 mL) twice. The dried residue was used directly in the next step.

Step-8: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide (19)

To the solution of 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-((4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (0.21 mmol), (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (79 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (1 mL), HATU (214 mg, 0.56 mmol) was added, followed by dropwise addition of DIEA (0.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hours at room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated. The residue was diluted with 20 mL of 10% sodium carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic solution was successively washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. The solution was filtered and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified by Preparative HPLC to afford the title compound (31.8 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): (major rotamer) δ: 0.61-0.65 (m, 2H), 0.78-0.83 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.89 (m, 1H), 2.01-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.54 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.88 (m, 1H), 4.02-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.70 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.23-5.68 (m, 5H), 7.00 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.41 (m, 4H), 7.51-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.91 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 9.94 (s, 1H) ppm; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300K): (major rotamer) δ −126.75, −175.83. LC (method A): t_(R)=2.08 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 665.16.

Step 1: (2S,4R)-tert-Butyl 4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S2)

To an ice-cold solution of (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (1.24 g) in DCM (25 mL), was added 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine (0.845 mL, 1.2 equiv) dropwise with stirring. The stirring was continued for 3 hours at this temperature. Methyl 3-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (0.9 g) was then added followed by DIEA (2.78 mL, 3 equiv). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The solvent was co-evaporated with MeOH (3 mL). The remaining residue was then dissolved in chloroform (30 mL) and washed successively with cold 1 N aq HCl (3×20 mL), water (30 mL), and a saturated aq NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as an amber oil. Used without purification for the next step.

Step 2: Methyl 2-fluoro-3-((2S,4R)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)benzoate (S3)

(2S,4R)-tert-Butyl-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.5 g) was stirred in DCM (5 mL) and TFA (5 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was used as such for the next step.

Step 3: Methyl 3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorobenzoate (S4)

2-(3-Carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Scheme 9-4 compound S3, 0.237 g) was dissolved in DMF (5.0 mL) and DIPEA (0.945 mL) was added, which was followed by the addition of methyl 2-fluoro-3-((2S,4R)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)benzoate (TFA salt from previous step) at 5° C. HATU (0.495 g) was then added slowly at this same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at rt. The reaction mixture was then added to water (25 mL+5 g solid NaCl) and the precipitated solid was isolated, dried to afford 0.22 g of the title compound as a cream colored solid. Used without purification for the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.11-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.88-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=22, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=53.6 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.63 (m, 3H), 8.04 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 10.03 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −122.6, −175.9. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.37 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 486.

Step 4: 3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorobenzoic acid (S5)

LiOH.H₂O (87 mg in 1 mL of water) was added to a stirred solution of methyl 3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorobenzoate (0.2 g) in THF (2 mL) and water (1 mL) at rt. MeOH was added drop-wise till a homogeneous solution was formed. The RM was then stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. At this point, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was acidified with 2 N aq. HCl. The precipitated white solid was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried.

Step 5: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-(7-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (46)

A solution of 3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorobenzoic acid (0.150 g) in DMF (5 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was treated with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (66 mg) at 40° C. for 1 hour. Then solid 3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (48 mg) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 5 days. The solvents were then removed and the residue was stirred in AcOH (2 mL) at 80° C. overnight. After removing AcOH under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, eluent: 0-3.5% MeOH in DCM) to afford the title compound as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.16-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.73 (m, 1H), 3.91-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=22, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=55.6 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.44 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.89-7.97 (m, 2H), 8.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 10.12 (s, 1H), 12.92 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −125.8, −175.96. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.67 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M]⁻ 577.

2-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (S2)

Compound S2 was prepared following the modified procedure of Gonda, Z. et al. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 4268: a dry flask equipped with a condenser and a stir bar was charged with copper(I) iodide (1.69 g, 8.92 mmol), 1,10-phenanthroline (1.61 g, 8.92 mmol), and KF (7.77 g, 134 mmol). The flask was purged with argon. DMSO (80 mL), B(OMe)₃ (15 mL, 134 mmol), and 2-iodo-5-methylthiophene (10 g, 44.6 mmol) was added. The inner temperature was 30° C. Add TMSCF₃ (20 mL, 134 mmol) via syringe in 15 min. Inner temperature rises to 40° C., and bubbling and self-refluxing starts. After addition was finished, raise temperature to 60° C. with an oil bath in 10 min and the reaction was kept stirring overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the dark solution was poured in to a mixture of Et2O (250 mL) and 1N HCl (400 mL). Solid was removed by filtration. The organic layer was washed with conc. ammonia (28%, 125 mL), brine (50 mL), and then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at 0° C., the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, pentane) to afford 2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (6 g) as a colorless, low boiling point liquid.

2-Methyl-3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (S3)

Compound S3 was prepared following the modified procedure of Aridoss, G.; Laali, K. K. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 8088: dissolve 2-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (1.02 g, 6.14 mmol) in ethylammonium nitrate (3.3 g, 30.6 mmol) in a flask with condenser. Add triflic anhydride (1.31 mL, 6.14 mmol) slowly with stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. in an hour and kept this temperature for 1 hour. Cool the reaction to room temperature, and pour into NaHCO₃ solution (50 mL). Extract with ether and wash with brine. After dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with dichloromethane as eluent to afford 2-methyl-3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (1.05 g) as a liquid.

2-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-3-amine (S4)

Dissolve 2-methyl-3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophene (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) and THF (15 mL). Add Raney nickel (1 mL). The mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere overnight. Filter the reaction mixture through Celite pad to remove solid. The filtration was concentrated to afford 2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-3-amine (0.538 g) as a pale yellow solid.

1-(5-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one (S5)

Into a mixture of 2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-3-amine (0.538 g, 3 mmol) and KOAc (0.147 g, 1.5 mmol) in toluene (15 mL), add acetic anhydride (1.13 mL, 12 mmol) with stirring. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. oil bath. After 30 minutes, cool down the mixture to room temperature and add isopentyl nitrite (1.2 mL, 9 mL). The mixture was heated at 100° C. oil bath for 4 hour till the reaction was completed. Add water (10 mL) and stirred for 10 minutes. Extract with AcOEt (50 mL). Organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ aq., brine, and then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 1-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one (0.576 g) as a pale yellow liquid.

3-Iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (S6)

NaOMe solution in MeOH (25%, 1.5 mL) was added into 1-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)ethan-1-one (0.576 g, 2.46 mmol) in MeOH (12 mL) at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 30 minutes to complete the deacylation. Iodine (1 g, 3.94 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours. Na₂SO₃ 5% water solution was added to destroy iodine, and then the volatiles were removed by evaporation. Add AcOEt and the organic layer was washed with water, brine, and then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 25% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 3-Iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (0.565 g) as a white solid.

tert-Butyl 2-(3-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (S7)

The mixture of 3-Iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (0.565 g, 1.78 mmol), tert-butyl bromoacetate (0.28 mL, 1.87 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (0.37 g, 2.67 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) was stirred at 80° C. overnight. Filter through Celite pad and concentrate to afford yellow syrups, which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford tert-butyl 2-(3-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate 0.755 g) as a pale yellow oil.

tert-Butyl 2-(3-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (S8)

Into argon purged solution of tert-butyl 2-(3-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate 0.755 g, 1.75 mmol) in DMF-water (17-1.7 mL), add zinc cyanide (0.31 g, 2.62 mmol), Pd(dppf)₂-DCM (0.143 g, 0.175 mmol), and Pd(dba)₃ (0.16 g, 0.175 mmol). The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 2 hours. Add AcOEt to dilute the reaction mixture. Filter through Celite to remove solid. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 25% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford tert-butyl 2-(3-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (0.414 g) as a yellow syrup.

2-(3-Carbamoyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S9)

tert-Butyl 2-(3-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (0.11 g, 0.33 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (3 mL) and water (0.012 g), and heated at 140° C. in microwave reactor for 30 minutes. Volatiles were removed by evaporation, and coevaporation with toluene (5 mL×2) to afford 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid quantitatively.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((5′-Carbamoyl-2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide (39)

To a mixture of 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (0.17 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(5′-carbamoyl-2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide TFA salt (0.18 mmol) in DMF (1 ml), TBTU (0.08 g, 0.248 mmol) followed by DIEA (0.143 mL, 0.825 mmol) was added with stirring at room temperature. After 30 minutes, NaHCO₃ aq (10 mL) was added. Solid was collected by filtration and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 10% MeOH in DCM) to afford 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((5′-carbamoyl-2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide (67 mg) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): (major rotamer): 2.41-2.60 (m, 2H), 3.82-4.06 (m, 2H), 4.87 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (m, 2H), 5.41 (d, J=52 Hz, 1H), 6.97-7.01 (m, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.99 (m, 1H), 8.01-8.03 (m, 1H) ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃, 300K): (major rotamer) δ −176.5, −128.9, 57.0. LC (method A): t_(R)=2.09 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 655.

(2S,4R)—N-(2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoro-1-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (42)

Into a mixture of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (47.2 mg, 0.284 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (106 mg, 0.284 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), TBTU (137 mg, 0.426 mmol) followed by DIEA (0.148 mL, 0.85 mmol) was added with stirring. After the reaction was finished, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added. The solid precipitated was collected by filtration, washed by water, and dried to afford (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoro-1-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (127 mg) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): (major rotamer) δ: 2.08-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.58 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.75 (m, 6H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (m, 2H), 5.41 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76-6.85 (m, 3H), 7.10 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.60-7.62 (m, 1H), 8.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H) ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d, 300K): (major rotamer) δ−176.4, −126.9. LC (method A): t_(R)=3.14 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁻ 485.

Step 1: Ethyl 2-(4-pentafluorosulfanyl-2-nitrophenyl)acetate (S3)

To a solution of compound S1 (0.5 g, 2.0 mmol) and compound S2 (0.27 g, 5.5 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) at −5° C. under nitrogen protection was dropwise added a suspension of t-BuOK (0.56 g, 5.0 mmol) in DMF (5 ml). After addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then quenched with 1 M HCl. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=10:1 to 3:1) to afford compound 3 (0.5 g, yield 74%) as a yellow oil.

Step 2: Ethyl 2-(2-amino-4-pentafluorosulfanyl)acetate (S4)

To a mixture of compound S3 (0.5 g, 1.49 mmol) and Fe powder (0.5 g, 8.95 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL), was dropwise added conc. HCl (0.25 mL, 7.46 mmol) over 5 min. After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours and then quenched with aq.NaHCO₃ (adjust pH to 8). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=10:1 to 1:1) to afford compound S4 (0.36 g, yield 78%) as a yellow solid.

Step 3: Ethyl 6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylate (S5)

A mixture of compound S4 (0.3 g, 0.98 mmol) and t-BuONO (0.15 g, 1.5 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL), was stirred at 80° C. for 2 hours and then quenched with aq. NaHCO₃ (adjust pH to 8). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated in high vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5:1 to 1:1) to afford compound S5 (0.25 g, yield 80%) as a white solid.

Step 4: 6-Pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S6)

To a solution of compound 5 (200 mg, 0.63 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) was added sat. NH₃/MeOH (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. in the sealed tube overnight. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was concentrated under high vacuum to afford compound S6 (150 mg, yield 82%) as a white solid and was used without further purification.

Step 5: tert-Butyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetate (S7)

To a solution of compound S6 (184 mg, 0.64 mmol) and tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (149 mg, 0.77 mmol) in DMF (8 mL), was added K₂CO₃ (176 mg, 1.28 mmol) in one portion. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5:1 to 1:1) to afford compound S7 (0.2 g, yield 78%) as a white solid.

Step 6: 2-(3-Carbamoyl-6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S8)

To a solution of compound S7 (200 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DCM (3 ml) stirred at room temperature was added TFA (3 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated to afford compound S8 (150 mg, yield 87%) as a yellow solid.

Step 7: (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (45)

To a solution of compound S8 (116 mg, 0.34 mmol), compound S9 (125 mg, 0.34 mmol), and DIPEA (130 mg, 1.01 mmol) in DMF (2 ml), was added HATU (281 mg, 0.74 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (eluted with CH₃CN/water) to afford compound 45 (40 mg, yield 25%) as a white solid. LC-MS: m/z 664 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR: 10.01 (s, 1H), 8.45 (d, 1H), 8.35 (d, 1H), 7.94 (t, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.74 (dd, I H), 7.55˜7.69 (m, 2H), 7.41˜7.44 (m, 2H), 7.35˜7.38 (m, 1H), 7.18 (t, 1H), 7.04 (t, 2H), 5.82 (d, 1H), 5.50˜5.65 (m, 2H), 4.76 (t, 1H), 4.16 (dd, 1H), 4.15 (dd, 1H), 3.91 (dd, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H).

Step 1: 7-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine (Si)

The title compound was prepared following the procedure from Garg et al (Med. Chem. Res. 2014, 23, 2690-2697). A mixture of cyanogen bromide (0.158 g) and 3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (0.22 g) in aqueous (1 mL) MeOH (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-10% MeOH in DCM) to afford a cream colored solid.

Step 2: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-((7-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S7)

To a heterogeneous solution of 7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine (25 mg) and 3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorobenzoic acid (Step 4 product from Scheme 10, 70 mg) in DCM (2 mL), 0.3 mL of DMF was added to make it homogeneous. Then 78 μL of DIEA was added and the reaction mixture was placed in an ice bath. Solid PyBrOP (69 mg) was added to this ice-cold solution and the solution was allowed to come to room temperature gradually. It was stirred overnight at rt. After this time, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-4% MeOH in DCM) to afford the title compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.12-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.67 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=21.6, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=53.2 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.63 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 8.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 10.08 (s, 1H), 12.32 (s, 1H), 12.55 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.5, 175.9. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.66 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 621.

Step 1: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-(7-Chloro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (47)

(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid (Scheme 9-6 compound S6, 0.160 g) and 6-bromo-7-chloro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (0.05 g), PdCl₂(dppf) (35 mg) and Cs₂CO₃ (0.350 g in 1.07 mL of water) were taken in a microwave vial under argon. 4 mL of DMF was added to this mixture. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min. Finally, the vial was subjected to microwave irradiation at 120° C. for 30 min. Then solvent was removed under reduced pressure the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-8% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) (major rotamer): δ 2.21-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.65 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=20.8, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (d, J=55.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CD₃OD) (major rotamer): δ −128.1, −178.6. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.11 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 579.

Step 1: 5-Amino-1-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (S2)

To a solution of compound Si (5.0 g, 46.30 mmol) and 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (10.0 g, 50.90 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (12.78 g, 92.60 mmol) in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into ice water and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether:ethyl acetate=100:1 to 5:1) to afford compound S2 (9 g, yield 90%) as a yellow oil.

Step 2: 5H-Imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carbonitrile (S3)

To a solution of compound S2 (2 g, 8.9 mmol) in EtOH (12 mL) was dropwise added 1 M H₂SO₄ (9.0 mL) over 10 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 4 hours and quenched with water. The resulting mixture was basified with aq. NaHCO₃ (adjust pH to 8) and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=100:1 to 2:1) to afford compound S3 (1.0 g, yield 90%) as a yellow oil. LC-MS: m/z 133 (M+H)+.

Step 3: tert-Butyl 2-(7-cyano-5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazol-5-yl)acetate (S4)

To a solution of compound S3 (1.5 g, 11.28 mmol) and tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (2.6 g, 13.30 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (3.11 g, 22.56 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then poured into water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=100:1 to 5:1) to afford compound S4 (2.3 g, yield 82%) as a yellow oil.

Step 4: tert-Butyl 2-(7-carbamoyl-5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazol-5-yl)acetate (S5)

To a solution of compound S4 (2.3 g, 9.35 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) stirred at 0° C. was added 1 M NaOH (10 mL) and 30% H₂O₂ (5.8 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was quenched with aq. Na₂S₂O₃ and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=100:1 to 1:1) to afford compound S5 (1.5 g, yield 60%) as a yellow solid.

Step 5: 2-(7-Carbamoyl-5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazol-5-yl)acetic acid (S6)

To a solution of compound S5 (200 mg, 0.76 mmol) in DCM (3 ml) was dropwise added TFA (3 mL) over 10 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated to afford crude compound S6 (150 mg, yield 87%) as a yellow solid, which was used in the next step without purification.

Step 6: 5-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′-Chloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carboxamide (54)

To a solution of compound S6 (100 mg, 0.48 mmol) and compound S7 (179 mg, 0.48 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added DIPEA (186 mg, 1.44 mmol) and HATU (400 mg, 1.01 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (acidic condition, using CH₃CN/H₂O as eluent) to afford the desired product as a white solid (80 mg, yield 32%). LC-MS: m/z 527 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR: 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.88 (t, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.33˜7.40 (m, 4H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 7.22 (t, 1H), 5.70 (d, 1H), 5.36 (m, 2H), 4.78 (t, 1H), 3.95˜4.18 (m, 2H), 2.67˜2.77 (m, 1H), 2.26˜2.38 (m, 1H).

Step 1: 7-Bromo-8-chloro-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (S2)

To a solution of 4-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (0.15 g) and triethylamine (285 μL) in DMF (2 mL), 90 μL of ethyl 2-bromoacetate was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight. After this time, most of the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-2% MeOH in DCM) to afford the title compound as a brown solid.

Step 2: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((3-(5-Chloro-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (59)

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (Scheme 9-6 compound S5, 0.088 g) and 7-bromo-8-chloro-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (0.020 g), PdCl₂(dppf) (17 mg) and K₂CO₃ (0.074 g) were taken in a microwave vial under argon. 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added to this mixture. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min. Finally, the vial was subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. Then solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 0-4% MeOH in DCM) to afford the title compound as a light brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) (major rotamer): δ 2.25-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.77 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 2H), 3.93-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=20.8, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (d, J=56 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CD₃OD) (major rotamer): δ−128.3, −178.6. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.42 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 608.

Step 1: Ethyl 2-(4-pentafluorosulfanyl-2-nitrophenyl)acetate (S3)

To a solution of compound S1 (0.5 g, 2.0 mmol) and compound S2 (0.27 g, 5.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) at −5° C. under nitrogen protection was added a suspension of t-BuOK (0.56 g, 5.0 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then quenched with 1 M HCl. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=10:1 to 3:1) to afford compound S3 (0.5 g, yield 74%) as a yellow oil.

Step 2: Ethyl 2-(2-amino-4-pentafluorosulfanyl)acetate (S4)

To a mixture of compound S3 (0.5 g, 1.49 mmol) and Fe powder (0.5 g, 8.95 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) at 0° C. was added conc. HCl (0.25 mL, 7.46 mmol) dropwise. After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours and then quenched with aq. NaHCO₃ (adjust pH to 8). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=10:1 to 1:1) to afford compound 4 (0.36 g, yield 78%) as a yellow solid.

Step 3: Ethyl 6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylate (S5)

The mixture of compound S4 (0.3 g, 0.98 mmol) and t-BuONO (0.15 g, 1.5 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL), was stirred at 80° C. for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was quenched with aq. NaHCO₃ (adjust pH to 8). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5:1 to 1:1) to afford compound S5 (0.25 g, yield 80%) as a white solid.

Step 4: 6-Pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S6)

To a solution of compound S5 (200 mg, 0.63 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added sat. NH₃/MeOH (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. in a sealed tube overnight and then concentrated to afford compound S6 (150 mg, yield 82%) as a white solid that was used in the next synthetic step without further purification.

Step 5: tert-Butyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetate (S7)

To a solution of compound S6 (184 mg, 0.64 mmol) and tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (149 mg, 0.77 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) at room temperature was added K₂CO₃ (176 mg, 1.28 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then quenched with water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5:1 to 1:1) to afford compound S7 (0.2 g, yield 78%) as a white solid.

Step 6: 2-(3-Carbamoyl-6-pentafluorosulfanyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S8)

To a solution of compound S7 (200 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TFA (3 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated to afford compound S8 (150 mg, yield 87%) as a yellow solid that was used in the next synthetic step without further purification.

Step 7: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((6-Bromopyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-6-(pentafluoro-λ⁶-sulfanyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (40)

To a solution of compound S8 (116 mg, 0.34 mmol), compound S9 (125 mg, 0.34 mmol), and DIPEA (130 mg, 1.01 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) at room temperature was added HATU (281 mg, 0.74 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (eluted with CH₃CN/water) to afford compound 40 (40 mg, yield 25%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR: 10.01 (s, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, 1H), 7.75 (t, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.44 (m, 3H), 7.20 (m, 3H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 5.80 (d, 2H), 5.60 (d, 2H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 4.76 (t, 1H), 4.16 (dd, 1H), 3.91 (dd, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H). LC-MS: m/z 613 (M+H)⁺.

Step 1: 2-(3-Bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (S2)

2-(3-Bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (3.0 g, 13.33 mmol) was suspended in aq. NaOH (6 N, 66.65 mmol) and MeOH (11 mL) and refluxed for 2 hours. After cooling the reaction mixture in an ice bath, conc. HCl was added to adjust the pH to 2. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the organic layer was washed with brine. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 2-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (3.15 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 2: Methyl 2-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetate (S3)

To a mixture of 2-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (3.15 g, 12.9 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at 0° C. was added conc. H₂SO₄ (0.25 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. NaHCO₃ was added to quench the acid. MeOH was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted with EtOAc. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford methyl 2-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetate (2.86 g) as a colorless liquid.

Step 3: Methyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetate (S4)

A mixture of methyl 2-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)acetate (0.158 g, 0.612 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (4.1 mg, 0.018 mmol), Xantphos (16 mg, 0.0275 mmol), KF (89 mg, 1.53 mmol), and N-formylsaccharin (0.155 g, 0.735 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was degassed with argon, sealed, and heated at 80° C. for 18 hours. After cooling the reaction mixture to 0° C., NH₄OH (28%, 0.4 mL, 6.12 mmol) was added and stirred for 5 min. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford methyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetate (66 mg) as a yellow solid.

Step 4: 2-(3-Carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (S5)

Methyl 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetate (66 mg, 0.296 mmol) was treated with LiOH monohydrate (25 mg) in MeOH-water (2 mL/2.5 mL) at room temperature for 1 hour. A solution of 10% aq. HCl (0.25 mL) was added and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to afford 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid, which was used directly in the next synthetic step.

Step 5: (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (63)

A mixture of 2-(3-carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (0.116 g, 0.311 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with TBTU (0.143 g, 0.444 mmol), followed by DIEA (0.156 mL, 0.9 mmol) at room temperature for 15 min. A solution of aq. NaHCO₃(15 mL) was added. The solid was collected by filtration and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% MeOH in DCM) to afford (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.118 g) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): (major rotamer) δ 2.14-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.54 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.81 (m, 6H), 4.03 (dd, J=10.8, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.44-4.78 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (d, J=53.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.265 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). 7.30-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.89 (brs, 1H), 8.04 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −126.90, −176.02. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.91 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]+ 528.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Carbamoyl-5-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (19.7 mg, 0.037 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was treated with BBr₃ (1.0 M in DCM, 0.19 mL, 0.19 mmol) at room temperature for 6 hours. Volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was washed with water and purified with preparatory TLC with MeOH in DCM (10%) as eluent to afford (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (16 mg) (78). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.08 (ddd, J=1.8, 5.5, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.05 (ddd, J=1.7, 6.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=54.9 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.55 (m, 3H), 2.61-2.36 (m, 1H). LC (method A): t_(R)=1.69 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 577.

Step 1: tert-Butyl 2-(4-bromo-3-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (S3)

To a solution of 4-bromo-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (1 equiv) in CH₃CN (10 vol) was added tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (1.1 equiv) and potassium carbonate (1.1 equiv). The mixture was refluxed overnight under an atmosphere of argon. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with CH₃CN. The filtrate was concentrated under high vacuum and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/DCM) to afford compound S3.

Step 2: 2-(4-Bromo-3-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S4)

To a solution of compound S3 (1 equiv) in DCM (10 vol) at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen was added TFA (5 vol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then concentrated. The remaining material was used directly in the next synthetic step.

Step 3: 4-Bromo-1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((6-bromopyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (107)

To a solution of compound S4 (1 equiv) in DMF (10 vol) at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen was added (2S,4R)—N-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (1 equiv), HATU (2.1 equiv), and DIPEA (5 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then quenched with water (30 vol). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (MeOH/DCM) to afford compound 107. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.15 (m, J=4.1 Hz, 4H), 2.54-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J=12.5, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (d, J=52.3 Hz, I H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 11.04 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −175.91. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.32 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 532.

Step 1 tert-Butyl 2-(3-acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetate (S3)

To a solution of 1-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethan-1-one (1 equiv) in CH₃CN (10 vol) was added tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (1.1 equiv) and potassium carbonate (1.1 equiv). The mixture was refluxed overnight under an atmosphere of argon. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with CH₃CN. The filtrate was concentrated under high vacuum and The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/DCM) to afford compound S3.

Step 2: 2-(3-acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetic acid (S4)

To a solution of compound S3 (1 equiv) in DCM (10 vol) at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen was added TFA (5 vol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then concentrated. The remaining material was used directly in the next synthetic step.

Step 3: (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (108)

To a solution of compound S4 (1 equiv) in DMF (10 vol) at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen was added (2S,4R)—N-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (1 equiv), HATU (2.1 equiv), and DIPEA (5 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then quenched with water (30 vol). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (MeOH/DCM) to afford compound 108. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.98-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.46-2.60 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.89 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=12.8, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, J=7.6, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.38-5.60 (m, 1H), 6.39 (q, J=3.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (q, J=1.9, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 11.05 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −175.66. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.29 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 437.

Step-1: tert-Butyl 2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetate(S2)

To the suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 400 mg, 11 mmol) in dry DMF (60 mL), 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-one (1.34 g, 10 mmol) was added in portions at 0° C. After the completion of addition, the mixture was stirred for additional 1.5 hours at 0° C. Then, BrCH₂CO₂Bu-t (1.95 g, 1.47 mL, 10 mmol) was added slowly, the mixture was stirred for 5 hour at 0° C., then warmed up to room temperature, and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NH₄Cl (10%, 2 mL) and the volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining material was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL), and washed with water, brine. The solution was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified to afford title product (250 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.46 (s, 9H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 6.88 (m, 1H), 7.08 (m, 3H), 9.14 (s, 1H) ppm. LC (method A): t_(R)=1.52 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 249.20.

Step-2: 2-(2-Oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S3)

Tert-butyl 2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetate (250 mg, 1.01 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (4 mL) and treated with TFA (1 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining material was co-evaporated with toluene twice. The residue was used for next step without further purification.

Step-3: (2S,4R)—N-(2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoro-1-(2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (10)

Compound S2 (117 mg, 0.6 mmol), HATU (274 mg, 0.72 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride(186 mg, 0.5 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (2 mL). To the solution, DIEA (0.5 mL) was dropwise added at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layers were collected and washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. The solution was concentrated and the remaining residue was purified to afford 52.4 mg of compound 10. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): (major rotamer) δ: 2.01-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.53 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.98 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.78 (m, 3H), 5.45 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 6.87-6.90 (m, 4H), 6.99 (t, J=6.80 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=6.80 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.51-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 9.87 (s, 1H), 10.77 (s, 1H) ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 300K): (major rotamer) δ−126.77, −176.00. LC (method A): t_(R)=2.01 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 511.39

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, 5-bromobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole, Pd(dppf)Cl₂ and potassium carbonate were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 8 mL of dioxane and 2 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 68.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.10-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.63 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.04 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.7, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.11-8.25 (m, 3H), 10.05 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −128.8, −175.9.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.155 g), 5-bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (35 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.150 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-7% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 67.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.13-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.02 (m H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.7, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=50 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.44 (m, 6H), 7.53-7.67 (m, 3H), 7.86 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H), 12.87 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.3, −175.9.

Step 1: 1H-Thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (S2)

Compound (310 mg) S2 was prepared from 3-bromothiophene-2-carbaldehyde according to the reported literature (Airey, J. et al. Synthesis 2014, 96-100). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.76+8.03 (1H), 13.33+13.0 (1H).

Step 2: 3-Iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (S3)

1H-Thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (310 mg, 2.5 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was treated with iodine (954 mg, 3.76 mmol), followed by powdered KOH (421 mg, 7.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The mixture was diluted with water (50 mL), followed by addition of 10% Na₂S₂O₃ solution (5 mL). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solution was filtered and concentrated, and the residue was used in the next step without purification.

Step 3: 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (71)

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-Fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.132 g), 3-iodo-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole (0.05 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (33 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.138 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-3.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 71.

¹H NR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.14-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.67 (m, 1H), 3.90-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=12.6, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.68 (m, 3H), 7.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 10.06 (s, 1H), 13.38 (s J=12.2 Hz, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −128.2, −175.9.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.193 g), 6-bromo-5-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline (0.05 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (38 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.161 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 52.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.09-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 1H), 3.90-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=22, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=51.2 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.36 (m, 4H), 7.43 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.65 (m, 3H), 7.91 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18-8.32 (m, 3H), 9.46 (s, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ-130.6, -175.9.

1-(2-((1R,3S,5R)-3-((2-Fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-5-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.242 g) (S4), 6-bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (35 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.149 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-7% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 105.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): (major rotamer) δ 0.91 (brm, 1H), 0.98 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 2.06 (dd, J=13.2, 4 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J=13.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (dd, J=8.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.71-7.89 (m, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 12.83 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.5.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.363 g), 6-bromo-5-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline (0.100 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (114 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.161 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 8 mL of dioxane and 2 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 94.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.16-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.63 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.3, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=50 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.94 (m, 9H), 7.93 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 12.84 (s, 1H). 19F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −127.1 (d), −130.1 (d), −175.9.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.158 g), 6-bromoquinoxaline (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (39 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.165 g) were taken in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 83.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.07-−2.33 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.09 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=12.5, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.69 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.14-8.21 (m, 3H), 8.99 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 10.03 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ−130.1, −175.9.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.141 g), 5-bromo-1H-indole (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (42 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.176 g) were taken in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-1% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 85.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) (major rotamer) δ 2.45-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.95 (m, 1H), 3.60 (ddd, J=3.5, 12.5, 33.1 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J=12.4, 19.3 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.22-5.46 (m, 3H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.36 (m, 5H), 7.44 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 8.05-8.09 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −134.1, −176.1.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.168 g), 7-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazole(0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂(41 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.176 g) were taken in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 79.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (Major rotamer) δ 2.11-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.5-2.62 (n, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.92-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.7, 22.1 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (t, J=8.4, 1H), 5.49-5.82 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.57 (m, 6H),7.58 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=10 Hz, 2H), 9.94 (s, I1H), 12.55 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.7, −175.9.

Step 1: tert-Butyl (1R,3S,5R)-3-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (S3)

To an ice cold solution of (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (1 mmol) in 5 mL of CH₂Cl₂, 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethyl-1-propenylamine 1.1 mmol) was added drop-wise with stirring. The stirring was continued for 3 hours. at same temperature. Then solid 3-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (1.1 mmol was added, followed by 3 mmol of Hünig's base. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The solvent was co-evaporated with MeOH (1 mL). The residue was then purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-0.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (1R,3S,5R)-3-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate(S4)

tert-Butyl-(1R,3S,5R)-3-((3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (1 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (2.5 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (0.2 mmol) and potassium acetate (3 mmol) were taken in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 3 mL of dioxane was added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and heated at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by ISCO (0-4.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product.

Step 3: tert-Butyl (1R,3S,5R)-3-((3-(7-chloro-1H-indol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (S5)

tert-Butyl-(1R,3S,5R)-3-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (0.122 g), 5-bromo-7-chloro-H-indole (0.050 g), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (50 mg) and sodium carbonate (0.115 g) were taken in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (eluent: CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product.

Step 4: (1R,3S,5R)-2-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3-(7-chloro-1H-indol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxamide (86)

tert-Butyl (R,3S,5R)-3-((3-(7-chloro-1H-indol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (0.90 mg) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and TFA (1 mL). After completion of the reaction (monitored by HPLC), the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) and iPr₂NEt (0.184 mL, 5 equiv) was added, which was followed by the addition of 2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid (58 mg) at 5′C. HATU (96 mg, 1.2 equiv) was then added slowly at this same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at RT. Then the reaction mixture was poured into water and the precipitate was isolated by filtration. The solid was dried and purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-2.0% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) (major rotamer) δ 0.65-0.74 (m, 1H), 0.79-0.89 (m, 1H) 1.16-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.98-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.66 (m, 3H), 2.95-3.06 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.39 (m, 1H), 4.85 (dd, J=8.5, 26.3 Hz, 1H), 5.33-5.56 (m, 3H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.44 (m, 5H), 8.12-8.14 (m, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.93-8.97 (m, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −134.0.

Step 1: tert-Butyl (1R,3S,5R)-3-((3-(4-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (S3)

6-Bromo-7-chlorobenzimidazole (0.2 g) and tert-butyl (1R,3S,5R)-3-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate, (0.772 g), PdCl₂ (dppf) (0.141 g) and K₂CO₃ (0.6 g) were taken in a round bottom flask kept under argon. 8 mL of dioxane and 2 mL of water were added to this mixture. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and heated with stirring at 100° C. overnight. Then the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by ISCO (0-4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound.

Step 2: 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate (S4)

To a mixture of tert-butyl (1R,3S,5R)-3-((3-(4-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (90 mg) and K₂CO₃ (32 mg) in dichloromethane (2 mL) at 0° C., Troc-Cl (29 μL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. Then the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was then purified by ISCO (0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl2) to the desired compound as white solid.

Step 3: 2-(3-Acetyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-1-yl)acetic acid (S5)

tert-Butyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-1-yl)acetate (18 mg) (prepared according to WO 2012/093101) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) and equal volume of TFA was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The volatiles were then removed and the residue was used as such for the next step.

Step 4: (1R,3S,5R)-2-(2-(3-Acetyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxamide (35)

2,2,2-Trichloroethyl 6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-carboxylate (32 mg) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) and TFA (0.25 mL) for 15 min. Then the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (43 μL) was added, which was followed by the addition of 2-(3-acetyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-1-yl)acetic acid (from above) at 5° C. HATU (23 mg, 1.2 equiv) was then added slowly at this same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at RT. Then the reaction mixture was poured into water (5 mL) containing 3 mg of LiOH.H₂O and the precipitate was isolated by filtration. The solid was dried and purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-7.0% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product as white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 0.81-0.86 (m, 1H), 1.02-1.05 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.97 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.83 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J=5.8, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 2H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 9.08 (s, 1H), 9.74 (s, 1H), 12.84 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.6

Compound 5 was prepared following the same procedure as followed in Scheme 29 for the synthesis of compound 94.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 0.81 (m, 1H), 1.01-1.07 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.97 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.36 (m, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.82-3.85 (m, 1H), 4.56 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.34 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.96 (m, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 12.84 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.6

2-(3-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (S2)

A solution of 3-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (2 g) and phthalic anhydride (2.38 g) in acetic acid (20 mL) was refluxed for 5 hour. After cooling the reaction mixture to ROOM TEMPERATURE the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Then the residue was partitioned between EtOAc and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was separated and washed with water, followed by 2N. aq HC. Then the organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-1% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford 2.2 g of the product.

Methyl (E)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)acrylate (S3)

A mixture of phthalimide (1.0 g), methyl acrylate (1.6 g), palladium acetate (0.140 g), tri(O-tolyl)phosphine (0.190 g) and triethylamine (1.30 mL) in DMF (10 mL) in a vial was purged with argon. Then the vial was capped and heated at 90° C. for 3 days. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was purified by ISCO (eluent:dichloromethane) to afford 0.315 g of white solid.

(E)-3-(3-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)acrylic acid (S5)

Methyl (E)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)acrylate (0.315 g) was taken in THF (4 mL) and water (2 mL) at RT. Then an aq. solution (2 mL) of LiOH (0.203 g) was added. Finally, a few drops of MeOH was added to make the solution homogeneous and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with water. The resultant solution was cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 2N aq. HCl. The white precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried to afford 0.3 g of the acid. This acid was refluxed for 3 hours in 5 mL of acetic acid. The acetic acid was removed under pressure and the residue was dried under high vac. to afford 0.28 g of white solid.

(E)-2-(3-(2-(7-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)-2-fluorophenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (S8)

Compound S8 was prepared by following the procedure from WO 2014/102594): to a solution of acid (0.28 g) in CH₂Cl₁₂ (10 mL), 3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (0.107 g), EDCI (0.237 g), HOBt (0.167 g) and triethylamine (0.4 mL) were added at room temperature and stirred at that temperature overnight. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layer was then dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated and purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford 0.19 g of (E)-N-(2-amino-6-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)acrylamide as cream colored solid. This solid was taken in toluene (0.4 mL) and 114 μL was added. The resulting heterogeneous mixture was then refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The cream colored residue was dried and used as such for the next step.

(E)-3-(2-(7-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)-2-fluoroaniline (S9)

A heterogeneous mixture of (E)-2-(3-(2-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)-2-fluorophenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (0.190 g) and hydrazine (0.6 mL) in MeOH (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min at which time it becomes homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-11H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3-((E)-2-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)-2-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (104)

A heterogeneous mixture of 2-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-2-yl)-2-oxoacetic acid (35 mg), (E)-3-(2-(7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)-2-fluoroaniline (30 mg) and EEDQ (28 mg) in CH₂Cl₁₂ (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. This reaction mixture was diluted with CHCl₃ (10 mL) and 4 mL of aq. 1 N HCl. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer containing solid was taken to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): (major rotamer) δ 2.08-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=22, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=51.6 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.49 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.89 (d, J=16.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −128.6,−176.0.

2-Bromo-6-chloro-7H-purine (S2)

To a stirred solution of tert-butyl nitrite (2.52 mL) and copper bromide (5.8 g) in acetonitrile (30 mL) a suspension of 6-chloro-7H-purin-2-amine (1 g) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added dropwise at 67° C. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to ROOM TEMPERATURE and saturated aq. NH₄Cl was added. The product was extracted with chloroform. This organic layer was then washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was used as such for the next step.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3-(6-chloro-7H-purin-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (99)

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.142 g) (S3), 2-bromo-6-chloro-7H-purine (0.050 g) (S2), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (35 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.148 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.12-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.96-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=12.8, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=53.6 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 14.00 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.2, −175.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.160 g), 6-bromo-7-chloro-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (0.05 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (33 mg) and an aqueous solution (1.07 mL) of cesium carbonate (0.350 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of DMF was added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 120° C. for 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-9% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 50.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.144 g), 5-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-ol (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (35 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.150 g) were taken in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-1.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 103.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.13-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=22.4, 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=53.2 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.27 (m, 4H), 7.35 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.83-7.87 (m, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H), 11.98 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.3, −175.9.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.144 g), 6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (36 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.151 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 100. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO)(major rotamer) δ 2.14-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.08 (m, 1H) 4.25 (dd, J=22.4, 12.8 Hz, 1H) 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.83 (m, 2H), 8.19 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.91 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.5, −175.9

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.144 g), 6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (36 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.151 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 101.

Compound 102 was prepared following the same procedure as in Scheme 29 to synthesize compound 94. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.14-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=22, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.85 (m, 2H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H), 11.26 (s, 1H), 11.35 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ−130.5, −175.9.

Compound 80 was prepared following the same procedure as in Scheme 29 using (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (S2) and 6-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid (S1) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.11-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.98-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J=12.5, 22.0 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.77 (s, 1H), 9.98 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.6, −175.9.

Compound 96 was prepared following the same procedure as in Scheme 29 using (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (S2) and 7-bromo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2(H)-one (S1) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.05-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.06 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.6, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=54 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.97-7.03 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 9.94 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ-130.3, -175.9.

Compound 88 was prepared following the same procedure as in Scheme 29 using 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S2) and 6-bromoindolin-2-one (S1) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.12-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.67 (m, 1H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 3.89-4.00 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.6, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=51.6 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.34 (m, 4H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.83 (m, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.94 (s, 1H), 10.43 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.3, −175.9.

Compound 91 was prepared following the same procedure using 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S2) and 6-bromoisoindolin-1-one (S1) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.12-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.63 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.3, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=50.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.36 (m, 4H), 7.42 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.81 (m, 5H), 7.86 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H). 19F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.6, −175.9.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.155 g), 5-bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (38 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.161 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and I mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 92. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.05-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.88-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.5, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.27 (m, 5H), 7.33-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.62-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.86 (m, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, I H), 9.94 (s, I H), 11.72 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): 8-130.6, -175.9.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.146 g), 6-bromo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one (0.050 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (36 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.153 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 82. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.05-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.47 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.57-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.06 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.6, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.39 (m, 5H), 7.46 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.79 (m, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.90 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ−130.4, −175.9.

Methyl 2-amino-5-bromo-3-nitrobenzoate (S2)

Compound S2 was prepared following the procedure from PCT Int. Appl. 2005070906: to a stirred heterogeneous solution of methyl 2-amino-3-nitrobenzoate (5 g) in AcOH (25 mL) at room temperature was added bromine (1.29 mL) in AcOH (5 mL). The heterogeneous solution was stirred for 45 min at room temperature. Then crushed ice was added to the reaction mixture and filtered. The isolated yellow solid was washed with water and dried under high vacuum.

Methyl 2,3-diamino-5-bromobenzoate (S3)

Compound S3 was prepared following the procedure from PCT Int. Appl. 2005070906: to a stirred solution of methyl 2-amino-5-bromo-3-nitrobenzoate (1 g) in EtOH (25 mL) 4.99 g of tin (II) chloride was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 2 hours. Then mixture was cooled to room temperature, solvent evaporated and the residue was diluted with water, basified to pH 13 with a 40% NaOH solution. Extraction of this basic solution with CH₂Cl₁₂ afforded product as orange yellow solid.

Methyl 6-bromo-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylate (S4)

Compound S4 was prepared following the procedure from PCT Int. Appl. 2002016327: A heterogeneous mixture of methyl 2,3-diamino-5-bromobenzoate (0.7 g), 1,3-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-methyl-2-thiopseudourea (1.32 g) and camphor-10-sulfonic acid (50 mg) in EtOH (20 mL) was refluxed for 3 hours. Cooled to room temperature and filtered. The isolated solid was washed with EtOH and dried to afford 1.0 g of yellow solid. Used as such for the next step

Methyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylate (75) and methyl 2-amino-6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylate (76)

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.153 g), methyl 6-bromo-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylate (0.100 g), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (44 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.158 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compounds 75 and 76.

Compound 75: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) (major rotamer) δ 1.54 (s, 9H), 2.44-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.95 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.67 (m, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 4.03-4.13 (m, 1H), 5.03 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (s, 3H), 5.38 (d, J=54.4 Hz), 5.85 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 7.17-7.28 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 2H), 8.14 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 11.51 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −133.8, −176.1

Compound 76: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.12-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.66 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.96-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.4, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=50 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (s, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.64 (m, 6H), 7.81 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 9.93 (s, 1H), 11.01 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.7, −175.9.

2-Amino-6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (77)

To a solution of compound 75 (60 mg) in THF (1 mL), a solution of LiOH (22 mg) in water (1 mL) was added followed by MeOH. This reaction mixture was stirred overnight at RT. Then, 1 mL of water was added and the organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The aq. phase was extracted once with EtOAc. Finally, the aq. layer was cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 1N aq. HCl. The precipitate was then isolated by filtration, dried and purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). The resulting cream colored solid was suspended in 2 mL of 4M HCl in dioxane and stirred overnight at RT. An additional 2 mL of 4M HCl in dixane was added twelve hours later and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with ether and dried to afford a light yellow solid (77). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.10-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.63 (m, 1H), 389-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.6, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=51.6 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (q, J=7.7, 8.4 Hz, 5H), 7.33-7.86 (m, 13H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (s, 2H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 12.17 (s, 1H), 12.87 (s, 1H), 13.85 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ−130.5, −175.9.

3-Bromo-4-chloro-N-cyanobenzamide (S3)

To a stirred suspension of 3-bromo-4-chlorobenzoic acid (0.5 g) in EtOAc (10 mL) NaCl was added followed by the addition of 0.77 mL of thionyl chloride. This heterogeneous reaction mixture was then refluxed. After 5 hours, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Excess solvent was removed and the residue was taken up in THF (10 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. Solid sodium cyanamide (0.272 g) was added to this stirred solution portionwise and the reaction was allowed to stir for twelve hours. Then THF was removed under reduced pressure and 15 mL of water was added to the residue. The solid was filtered off and the filtrate was acidified with 1N aq. HCl. The precipitated white solid was isolated, filtered, and dried. Compound S3 was carried forward without additional purification.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((2′-Chloro-5′-(cyanocarbamoyl)-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (89)

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.128 g), 3-bromo-4-chloro-N-cyanobenzamide (50 mg), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (45 mg) and Na₂CO₃ (0.103 g) were taken up in a vial under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was sealed. The vial was then subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by ISCO (0-25% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford cream colored solid 89. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.05-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.88-4.00 (m, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J=12.6, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.88-8.02 (m, 2H), 8.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.6,−175.9.

1-(5-(Methylthio)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-one (S2)

To a stirred solution of 5-(methylthio)-1H-indole (1 g) in 15 mL of DCM was added diethylaluminum chloride (9.2 mL, 1.0 M in hexanes) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 30 min and then a solution of acetyl chloride (0.7 mL) in 5 mL of DCM was added at 0° C. and stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. A 5% aqueous citric acid solution was added at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at RT. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried. Compound S2 was carried forward without additional purification.

Ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(methylthio)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate (S3)

To a suspension of 1-(5-(Methylthio)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-one (0.75 g) and K₂CO₃ (0.561 g) in 15 mL of acetonitrile was added tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (0.45 mL) dropwise at RT. The resulting mixture was then refluxed for 2 hours. After cooling to RT, the mixture was diluted with DCM (25 mL), filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel eluted with DCM/MeOH) to afford ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(methylthio)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate.

Ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(methylsulfinyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate (S4)

Compound S4 was prepared following the procedure from Molecules 2007, 12, 304-311: ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(methylthio)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate (0.2 g) was dissolved in AcOH (2 mL) with sonication and 30% aq. H₂O₂ was added dropwise at RT. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 min. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature, adjusted to pH 8 with 4 M aq. NaOH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with 10% aq. sodium thiosulfate solution, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The residue was carried forward without purification.

Ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-S-methylsulfonimidoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate (S5)

Compound S5 was prepared following the procedure from J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 6391-6399: (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (0.220 g) was added to a suspension of ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(methylsulfinyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate (0.14 g), tert-butyl carbamate (80 mg), magnesium oxide (0.733 g) and rhodium (II) acetate (5 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 8 hours at 40° C. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent: 0-1% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the product as white solid

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-S-methylsulfonimidoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetic acid (S6)

Ethyl 2-(3-acetyl-5-(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-S-methylsulfonimidoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate (0.14 g) was taken up in a mixture of THF (2 mL) and water (1 mL). A solution of LiOH (42 mg) in water (1 mL) was added and then MeOH was added dropwise until the solution became homogeneous. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Following the addition of water (3 mL), the reaction was cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 1 N HC. The resulting white solid was isolated by filtration, washed with water, dried in vacuo, and carried forward without further purification.

tert-Butyl ((3-acetyl-1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((6-bromopyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)(methyl)(oxo)-16-sulfanylidene)carbamate (69)

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-S-methylsulfonimidoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetic acid (0.1 g) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) and ^(i)Pr₂NEt (221 μL, 5 equiv) was added followed by the sequential addition of (2S,4R)—N-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.098 g, 1 equiv) and HATU (0.116 g, 1.2 equiv) slowly at 5° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 30 min at RT, poured into water (10 mL) and the solid was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried in vacuo. The solid was then purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-2.5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford a white solid (69).

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-5-(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (70)

A solution of tert-butyl ((3-acetyl-1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-((6-bromopyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)(methyl)(oxo)-16-sulfanylidene)carbamate (0.12 g) in 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. Following excess removal of solvent, the resulting residue was triturated with ether, filtered, and dried in vacuo to afford a white solid (70). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.08-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.55-2.66 (m, 1H), 3.85-4.08 (m, 5H), 4.19 (dd, J=12.5, 22.2 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.91-8.02 (m, 3H), 8.60 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.89 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 11.00 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −175.6.

Methyl (6-bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate (S3)

Compound S3 was prepared following the procedure from PCT Int. Appl. 2012068106: 1,3-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2-methyl-2-thiopseudourea (0.321 g) was added to a slurry of 4-bromo-3-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine (0.2 g), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (2 mL) and MeOH (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 105° C. for 18 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the residue was washed with ether, and filtered. The resulting solid was purified by ISCO (eluent: 0-2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound as a white solid.

Methyl (6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate (81)

Compound 81 was prepared following the procedure from scheme 51 using (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (S4) and methyl (6-bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate (S3) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.11-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.94-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.4, 21.9 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=53.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.062 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.64 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.94 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.93 (s, 1H), 11.52 (s, 1H), 12.19 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.6, −175.9.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-aAetyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetyl)-4-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (0.133 g) (S4), 2-(6-bromo-7-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine (0.055 g) (S3), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (33 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.139 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial was stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-30% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford compound 84. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.01-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.91-3.02 (m, 2H), 3.92-4.00 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.32 (m, 3H), 4.46-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.78 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=53.2 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.76 (m, 3H) 7.67-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.97 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −126.5, −178.9.

Compound 87 was prepared following the same procedure described in Scheme 29 using 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S2) and 6-bromo-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-1-one (S1) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.12-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.69 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.89-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.5, 21.7 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=50.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.43 (m, 5H), 7.61-7.71 (m, 4H), 7.80 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.6, −175.9.

Compound 92 was prepared following the same procedure described in Scheme 29 using 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S2) and 7-bromo-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (S) as starting materials. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) (major rotamer) δ 2.05-2.33 (m, 3H), 2.54-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.64 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.89-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.5, 21.8 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=50.8 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.37 (s, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.85 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 7.99 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ −130.6,−175.9.

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (0.150 g) (S2), 5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carboxylic acid (0.050 g) (S1), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (30 mg) and potassium carbonate (0.125 g) were taken up in a pressure tube under argon. To this mixture, 4 mL of dioxane and 1 mL of water were added. The mixture was bubbled with argon for 5 min and the vial stoppered and subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 45 min. Then an additional 30 mg of Pd(dppf)Cl₂ and 1-(2-((2S,4R)-4-fluoro-2-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (150 mg) (S2) were added. The reaction mixture was subjected to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for additional 30 min. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ISCO (0-7% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the desired product. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ 2.08-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=21.6, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=52.8 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 11.35 (s, 1H), 12.13 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) (major rotamer): δ−126.4, −175.9.

2-(3-Carbamoylphenyl)acetic acid (S2)

2-(3-cyanophenyl)acetic acid (60 mg, 0.37 mmol)) in TFA (3 mL) and water (10 mL) was heated with microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 90 min. Volatiles were removed by evaporation and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene (5 ml) to afford 2-(3-carbamoylphenyl)acetic acid as a white solid. The material was carried forward without additional purification.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Carbamoylphenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (21)

Into a mixture of 2-(3-carbamoylphenyl)acetic acid (0.37 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (152 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), TBTU (178 mg, 0.56 mmol) followed by DIEA (0.32 mL, 1.85 mmol) was added with stirring. After 1 hour, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added and the mixture was subjected to aq workup with AcOEt extraction. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography with AcOEt as eluent to afford (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoylphenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (159 mg) (21). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.22-8.07 (m, 1H), 7.85-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.24 (m, 5H), 7.15 (td, J=1.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (tt, J=1.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (d, J=51.2 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=12.4, 20.1 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (ddd, J=3.4, 12.2, 34.5 Hz, 1H), 2.60-2.41 (m, 2H). LC (method A): t_(R)=1.93 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 498.

tert-Butyl 2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetate(S2)

Into a mixture of 2-chloro-5-iodobenzonitrile (1.32 g, 5 mmol), Pd(dba)₂ (0.144 g, 0.25 mmol), and Qphos (0.178 g, 0.25 mmol) in THF (20 mL), (2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)zinc(II) chloride (1M in ether, 11 mL, 5.5 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. overnight. The reaction was then cool to rt, filtered through a Celite pad, and excess solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The reside was purified by silica gel column chromatography with AcOEt in hexane (0-20%) as eluent to afford tert-butyl 2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetate (0.8 g) as a brown oil.

2-(3-Carbamoyl-4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (S3)

tert-Butyl 2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetate (74 mg, 0.295 mmol)) in TFA (3 mL) and water (10 mL) was heated with microwave irradiation at 140° C. for 30 min. Volatiles were removed by evaporation and the residue was co-evaporated with toluene (5 ml) to afford 2-(3-carbamoyl-4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, which was carried forward without additional purification.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-Carbamoyl-4-chlorophenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (22)

Into a mixture of 2-(3-carbamoyl-4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (0.3 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (121 mg, 0.33 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), TBTU (142 mg, 0.443 mmol) followed by DIEA (0.26 mL, 1.475 mmol) was added with stirring. After 1 hour, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added. The resulting solid precipitate was collected by filtration, washed by water, and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford (2S,4R)-1-(2-(3-carbamoyl-4-chlorophenyl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (37 mg) (22).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.30-9.16 (m, 1H), 8.24-8.15 (m, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.14 (td, J=1.1, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (ddd, J=1.7, 6.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.06 (s, 1H), 5.29 (d, J=50.6 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (ddt, J=1.6, 12.4, 19.9 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.53 (m, 3H), 2.83-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.45 (dddt, J=1.9, 8.3, 14.7, 21.6 Hz, 1H). LC (method A): t_(R)=2.02 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]+ 532.

2-(4-Chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetic acid (S2)

tert-Butyl 2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetate (0.149 g, 0.6 mmol) was treated with TFA (2 mL0 in DCM (2 mL) at room temperature for 1 hr. Volatiles were evaporated to afford 2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetic acid, which was carried forward without additional purification.

(2S,4R)—N-(2′-Chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-(2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (23)

Into a mixture of 2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetic acid (0.6 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (244 mg, 0.653 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), TBTU (286 mg, 0.465 mmol) was added followed by DIEA (0.516 mL, 0.2.97 mmol) with stirring. After consumption of starting materials, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added and the resulting solid precipitation was collected by filtration, washed by water, and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-(2-(4-chloro-3-cyanophenyl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (60 mg) (23).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.15-8.98 (m, 1H), 8.29-8.16 (m, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.14 (td, J=1.1, 8.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (td, J=1.7, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dt, J=2.3, 52.8 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (ddt, J=1.7, 12.3, 19.7 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.54 (m, 4H), 2.76 (dddd, J=4.6, 7.3, 14.8, 36.4 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (dddt, J=1.9, 8.2, 14.8, 21.8 Hz, 1H). LC (method A): t_(R)=2.56 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 514.

Into a mixture of 2-(3-cyanophenyl)acetic acid (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (116 mg, 0.31 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), TBTU (149 mg, 0.465 mmol) was added followed by DIEA (0.162 mL, 0.93 mmol) with stirring. After consumption of starting materials, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added and the resulting solid precipitation was collected by filtration, washed by water, and dried to afford (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-(2-(3-cyanophenyl)acetyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (148 mg) (24).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.16 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (ddd, J=1.7, 7.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.42-7.24 (m, 5H), 7.14 (td, J=1.1, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (ddd, J=1.7, 6.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (ddt, J=1.9, 4.3, 52.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.59 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.37 (m, 1H). LC (method A): t_(R)=2.38 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 480.

2-(6-Bromopyridin-2-yl)acetic acid (S2)

Methyl 2-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetate (0.154 g, 0.67 mmol) was treated with LiOH—H₂O (0.042 g, 1.0 mmol) in THF-MeOH-water (3.5-2-0.5 mL) at room temperature for 2 hours. Solvent was evaporated to dryness to afford 2-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetic acid, which was carried forward without purification.

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(6-Bromopyridin-2-yl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (41)

Into a mixture of 2-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetic acid (54 mg, 0.24 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (91 mg, 0.24 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), TBTU (116 mg, 0.36 mmol) was added followed by DIEA (0.083 mL, 0.48 mmol) with stirring. After the reaction was finished, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added and the resulting solid precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with water, and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford (2S,4R)-1-(2-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (124 mg) (41).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.33-9.18 (m, 1H), 8.21 (ddd, J=1.7, 7.3, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.31 (dddd, J=4.1, 7.3, 9.6, 12.7 Hz, 6H), 7.14 (td, J=1.1, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (ddd, J=1.7, 6.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (d, J=53.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, J=7.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (ddt, J=1.7, 12.6, 19.7 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (ddd, J=3.5, 12.6, 33.0 Hz, 1H), 2.86-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.45 (dddt, J=2.0, 8.4, 14.8, 21.8 Hz, 1H). LC (method A): t_(R)=3.08 min. LC/MS(EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 534.

Into a mixture of 2-(3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (47.8 mg, 0.28 mmol) and (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (104 mg, 0.28 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), TBTU (135 mg, 0.42 mmol) was added with stirring followed by DIEA (0.146 mL, 0.84 mmol). After consumption of starting materials, NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) was added and the resulting solid precipitation was collected by filtration, washed with water, and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford (2S,4R)—N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoro-1-(2-(3-chlorophenyl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (60 mg) as a white powder (42).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.98 (s, 1H), 8.04 (td, J=1.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.21 (m, 6H), 7.08 (ddd, J=1.7, 6.7, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dt, J=3.5, 52.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J=7.7, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.13-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.68 (m, 3H), 2.61-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.16 (dddd, J=3.9, 9.2, 13.8, 40.9 Hz, 1H). LC (method A): t_(R)=3.34 min. LC/MS (EI) m/z: [M+H]⁺ 489.

Example 10. Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I′

Scheme 10-1: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted bromide was subjected to a phthalimide to afford a protected alkene species In Step 2 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide was converted to an internal alkyne as known in the art. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted phthalimide-protected amine was subjected to hydrazine as known in the art to afford a free amine. In Step 4 the two appropriately substituted species previously prepared react as known in the art to afford a terminal alkene species. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted ester was treated with TFA to afford a carboxylic acid. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid was converted to an amide as known in the art. In Step 7 the di-alkene species was cyclized as known in the art to form a macrocyclic species. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted macrocyclic-alkene species was reduced with hydrogen to afford a macrocyclic-alkyl species.

Example 10. Additional Example of Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I

Step 1: Dimethyl (1R, 2R)-4-oxocyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylate (S2)

To a solution of compound S1 (1 equiv) in dry DMF (10 vol) at 0° C. is added NaHCO₃ (3 equiv) and methyl iodide (2.5 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is quenched with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S2.

Step 2: Dimethyl (R)-4-oxocyclopent-2-ene-1,2-dicarboxylate (S3)

To a solution of compound S2 (1 equiv) in dry THF (10 vol) is added CuBr₂(2.2 equiv) and the reaction mixture is heated at 90° C. for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction is filtrated and concentrated. To the reaction mixture CaCO₃ (0.5 equiv) and DMF (70 vol) were added and heated at 100° C. for 1 hour. The dark brown mixture is poured over ice-water mixture and solid is filtrated off. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S3.

Step 3: Dimethyl (1R)-4-hydroxycyclopent-2-ene-1,2-dicarboxylate (S4)

To a solution of compound 3 (1 equiv) in MeOH (10 vol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, NaBH₄ (1.1 equiv) is added. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is quenched with brine (20 vol). The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford compound S4.

Step 4: Dimethyl (1R)-4-fluorocyclopent-2-ene-1,2-dicarboxylate (S5)

To a solution of compound S4 (1 equiv) in DCM (10 vol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, DAST (5 equiv) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is quenched with NaHCO₃ (30 vol). The resulting mixture is extracted with CHCl₃. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S4.

Step 5: (1R)-4-fluoro-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (S6)

To a solution of compound 5 (1 equiv) in dioxane and water (1:1, 10 mL) is added LiOH (1 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 h. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated and co-evaporated with toluene and methanol. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S6.

Step 6: Methyl (5R)-5-((2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-3-fluorocyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylate (S7)

To a solution of compound 6 (1 equiv) in DMF (10 vol) were added 2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-amine (1.2 equiv), DIPEA (2 equiv) and HATU (1.5 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S7.

Step 7: (1R)—N1-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluoro-N-methoxy-N-methylcyclopent-2-ene-1,2-dicarboxamide (S8)

To a solution of compound S7 (1 equiv) in dioxane and water (1:1, 10 mL) is added LiOH (1.1 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated and co-evaporated with toluene and methanol. To this crude product (1 equiv), chloroform (10 vol), N, O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.2 equiv), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1.5 equiv), 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (1.5 equiv) and triethylamine (3 equiv) were added and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture is quenched with NaHCO₃ (30 vol) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S8.

Step 8: (1R)-2-acetyl-N-(2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-fluorocyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxamide (S9)

To a solution of compound 8 (1 equiv) in THF (10 vol) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere is added Methyl magnesium bromide in ether (1.5 equiv). The resulting mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (30 vol). The resulting mixture is extracted with DCM. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S9.

Step 9: (5R)-5-((2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-3-fluorocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbonyl bromide (S10)

To a solution of compound S9 (1 equiv) in THF (10 vol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere is added bromine (0.9 equiv). The resulting mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is quenched with 10% NaHCO₃ solution (30 vol). The resulting mixture is extracted with DCM. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S10.

Step 10: 1-(2-((5R)-5-((2′-chloro-2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)-3-fluorocyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (S11)

To a solution of compound 10 (1 equiv) in dry DMF (10 vol) were added 1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (1.5 equiv) and K₂CO₃ (2 equiv). The reaction mixture is heated at 90° C. for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is quenched with water (30 vol). The resulting mixture is extracted with DCM. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S10.

Synthesis of (5)-1-(2-(3-acetyl-5-bromo-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)azetidine-2-carboxamide (Compound 6)

Step 1: tert-Butyl (S)-2-((2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(S2)

To a solution of compound S (1 equiv) and 2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline (1.2 equiv) in DMF (10 vol) at 0° C. is added DIPEA (2 equiv) and HATU (1.2 equiv). The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then quenched with water. The resultant solid is filtered, washed with MTBE to afford compound 2.

Step 2: (S)—N-(2-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)azetidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (S3)

To a solution of compound S2 (1 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (2 vol) at 0° C. is added 4 N HCl in dioxane (10 vol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 6 hours and then concentrated. The residue is taken in MTBE and stirred for 30 min. The resultant solid is filtered and dried to afford compound S3.

Scheme 3 Step 1: 5-Bromo-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-nitroaniline (S5)

To a solution of compound S4 (1 equiv) and potassium carbonate (2 equiv) in DMF (20 vol) is added 4-methoxybenzylchloride (1.5 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and then quenched with water. The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S5.

Step 2: 5-Bromo-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzene-1,2-diamine (S6)

To a solution of compound S5 (1 equiv) in EtOH/water (10:2) at 0° C. is added stannous chloride (1.5 equiv). The reaction mixture is heated at 50° C. for 4 hours and then quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S6.

Step 3: 6-Bromo-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-one (S7)

To a solution of compound S6 (1 equiv) in THF (10 vol) is added CDI (5 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at 65° C. for 16 hours and then concentrated. The residue is taken in ethyl acetate and washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S7.

Step 4: tert-Butyl 2-(5-bromo-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetate (S8)

To a solution of compound S7 (1 equiv) and potassium carbonate (1.1 equiv) in DMF (10 vol) is added tert-butyl bromoacetate (1.1 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at 60° C. for 3 hours and then quenched with water. The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S8.

Step 5: 2-(5-Bromo-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid (S9)

To a solution of compound 8 (1 equiv) in DCM (10 vol) is added TFA (5 vol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 50° C. for 3 hours and then concentrated. The residue is re-crystallized from MTBE to afford compound S9.

Step 6: 2-(3-Acetyl-5-bromo-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid (10)

To a solution of compound S9 (1 equiv) and DMAP (0.1 equiv) in pyridine (15 vol) is added acetic anhydride (2 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then quenched with water. The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated to afford compound S10.

Step 7: (S)-1-(2-(3-Acetyl-5-bromo-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetyl)-N-(2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)azetidine-2-carboxamide (S11)

To a solution of compound S10 (1 equiv) and compound S3 (1.2 equiv) in DMF (10 vol) at 0° C. is added DIPEA (3 equiv) and HATU (1.2 equiv). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then quenched with water. The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and then concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford compound S11.

Example 11. Non-Limiting Examples of Compounds of Formula I

In the illustrative compounds of FIG. 16, and elsewhere herein, R³² was depicted as Z₃₂, which were intended to be the same moieties.

Example 12. Non-Limiting Examples of Compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″

Table 3 shows illustrative Factor D inhibitors with characaterizing data. The assay of Example 13 was used to determine the IC₅₀'s of the compounds. Other standard factor D inhibition assays were also available. Three ***s were used to denote compounds with an IC₅₀ less than 1 micromolar; two **s indicate compound with an IC₅₀ between 1 micromolar and 10 micromolar, and one * denotes compounds with an IC₅₀ greater than 10 micromolar.

TABLE 3 Non-limiting Examples of Compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ RT min Cmp (Method MS No. Structure Name IC₅₀ A or B) (M + 1) 1

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H- pyrazolo[3,4- e]pyridin-1- yl)acetyl)-N-(3-(4- chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.23 (A) 578 2

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indol-1- yl)acetyl)-N-(3-(4- chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.53 (A) 576 3

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (4-chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.63 (A) 577 4

5-bromo-1-(2- ((2S,4R)-2-(3-(4- chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.52 (A) 657 5

(1R,3S,5R)-2-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (4-chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-2- azabicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-3- carboxamide *** 1.77 (A) 571 6

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.12 (A) 544 7

(2S,3R)-2-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indol-1- yl)acetamido)-N- (2′-chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-3- hydroxybutanamide *** 3.36 (B) 522 8

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′- chloro-2-fluoro-5′- ((E)-1- (methoxyimino) ethyl)biphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 2.38 (A) 609 9

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (4-chloro-2- (trifluoromethyl)- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.84 (A) 646 10

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-(2-fluoro- 3-(2-methyl-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5- yl)phenylcarbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.12 (A) 558 11

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (4-chloro-2-oxo- 2,3-dihydro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.39 (A) 594 12

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (4-chloro-2-methyl- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.22 (A) 592 13

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (3-cyano-1H- indazol-5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.71 (A) 569 14

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (4-chloro-2-((S)-1- hydroxyethyl)-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.31 (A) 622 15

(2S,3R)-2-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indol-1- yl)-N- methylacetamido)- N-(2′-chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-3- hydroxybutanamide ** 3.85 (B) 536 16

(2S,3R)-2-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indol-1- yl)acetamido)-N- (6-bromopyridin-2- yl)-3- hydroxybutanamide ** 2.93 (B) 473 17

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (4-chloro-1H- indazol-5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.69 (A) 578 18

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (2-acetyl-7-chloro- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.64 (A) 620 19

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- ((4-cyclopropyl- 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl)methyl)-1H- thieno[3,2- c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 2.08 (A) 665 20

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (4-chloro-1-methyl- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.42 (A) 592 21

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoylphenyl) acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro- 2-fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.93 (A) 498 22

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-4- chlorophenyl)acetyl)- N-(2′-chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide ** 2.02 (A) 532 23

(2S,4R)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-1-(2-(4-chloro- 3- cyanophenyl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide ** 2.56 (A) 514 24

(2S,4R)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-1-(2-(3- cyanophenyl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 2.38 (A) 480 25

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-(2-fluoro- 3-(1H-indol-6- yl)phenylcarbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.95 (A) 543 26

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (2-amino-7-chloro- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.33 (A) 593 27

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (7-chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 2-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.67 (A) 577 28

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-(2-fluoro- 3-(1H-indazol-6- yl)phenylcarbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.59 (A) 544 29

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(6- bromopyridin-2- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- ((4-cyclopropyl- 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl)methyl)-1H- thieno[3,2- c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.56 (A) 616 30

tert-butyl 2-(3- acetyl-6-(3- ((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-1H- indol-1-yl)acetate ** 2.08 (A) 699 31

2-(3-acetyl-6-(3- ((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-1H- indol-1-yl)acetic acid ** 1.50 (A) 643 32

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (3-cyano-1H- indazol-6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.78 (A) 569 33

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1H-thieno[3,2- c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 2.39 (A) 612 34

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(6- bromopyridin-2- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1H-thieno[3,2- c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.94 (A) 653 35

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (3-acetyl-1H-indol- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.60 (A) 585 36

2-(2-(3-acetyl-1H- indol-1- yl)acetamido)-N- (2′-chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4,4,4- trifluorobutanamide * 4.06 (B) 560 37

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-(2-fluoro- 3-(pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidin-6- yl)phenylcarbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.40 (A) 545 38

6-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2- oxoethyl)picolinamide *** 1.49 (A) 399 39

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(5′- carbamoyl-2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)- 1H-thieno[3,2- c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 2.09 (A) 655 40

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2- ((6-bromopyridin- 2-yl)carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-6- (pentafluoro-□⁶- sulfanyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 3.98 (B) 615 41

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(6- bromopyridin-2- yl)acetyl)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide ** 3.08 (A) 535 42

(2S,4R)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-1-(2-(3- chlorophenyl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 3.34 (A) 489 43

(2S,4R)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4-fluoro-1-(2- (3- methoxyphenyl) acetyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 3.14 (A) 485 44

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (7-chloro-2-fluoro- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.93 (A) 596 45

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2- ((2′-chloro-2- fluoro-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3- yl)carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-6- (pentafluoro-□⁶- sulfanyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 4.41 (B) 664 46

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (7-chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 2-ylcarbamoyl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.66 (A) 621 47

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (7-chloro-1H- indazol-6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.57 (A) 578 48

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- bromo-5- methoxyphenyl) acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 2.68 (A) 565 49

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(5′- carbamoyl-2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- methyl-1H- thieno[3,2- c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.43 (A) 601 50

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (7-chloro-1H- imidazo[4,5- b]pyridin-6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.11 (A) 579 51

tert-butyl 2-(3′- ((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-6- chloro-2′- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-2- oxoethylcarbamate *** 2.15 (A) 695 52

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (benzo[d]thiazol-5- yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.71 (A) 561 53

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (benzo[d]thiazol-6- yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.65 (A) 561 54

(S)-5-(2-(2-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin- 1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-5H- imidazo[1,2- b]pyrazole-7- carboxamide * 3.17 (B) 509 55

5-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(6- bromopyridin-2- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5H- imidazo[1,2- b]pyrazole-7- carboxamide * 1.87 (B) 478 56

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (benzo[d]oxazol-6- yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.56 (A) 545 57

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (benzo[d]oxazol-5- yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.59 (A) 545 58

5-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5H- imidazo[1,2- b]pyrazole-7- carboxamide ** 2.26 (B) 525 (M − 1) 59

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (5-chloro-3-oxo- 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoxalin- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.42 (A) 608 60

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(1- acetyl-6-(2- methylpyrimidin-5- yl)-1H-indol-3- yl)acetyl)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 2.02 (A) 628 61

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(1- acetyl-6-(2- methylpyrimidin-5- yl)-1H-indol-3- yl)acetyl)-N-(6- bromopyridin-2- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.69 (A) 579 62

6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2- (3-carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-7- chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazole- 2-carboxylic acid *** 1.18 (A) 622 63

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-5- methoxyphenyl) acetyl)-N-(2′-chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.91 (A) 528 64

tert-butyl ((3′- ((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2′- fluoro-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3- yl)(methyl)(oxo)- □⁶-sulfanylidene)- □⁴- azanecarboxylate ** 1.75 (A) 681 65

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-(2-fluoro- 3′-(S- methylsulfonimidoyl) biphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide ** 1.19 (A) 581 66

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4- dihydropyrazolo[4, 3-c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide *** 68

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(3- (benzo[c][1,2,5] oxadiazol-5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl- carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.84 (A) 546 69

tert-butyl ((3- acetyl-1-(2- ((2S,4R)-2-((6- bromopyridin-2- yl)carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indol-5- yl)(methyl)(oxo)- □⁶-sulfanylidene)- □⁴- azanecarboxylate e( ) *** 1.78 (A) 666 70

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-5-(S- methylsulfonimidoyl)- 1H-indol-1- yl)acetyl)-N-(6- bromopyridin-2- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.13 (A) 566 71

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-(2-fluoro- 3-(1H-thieno[3,2- c]pyrazol-3- yl)phenylcarbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.42 (A) 550 72

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2-(6- bromopyridin-2- ylcarbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4- dihydropyrazolo[4, 3-c]pyrazole-3- carboxamide 73

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamimidoyl-5- methyl-1H- thieno[3,2- c]pyrazol-1- yl)acetyl)-N-(2′- chloro-2- fluorobiphenyl-3- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.83 (A) 557 Table 4 shows illustrative Factor D inhibitors with characterizing data. The assay of Example 13 was used to determine the IC₅₀'s of the compounds. Other standard factor D inhibition assays were also available. Three**s were used to denote compounds with an IC₅₀ less than 1 micromolar two *indicate compound with an IC₅₀ between 1 micromolar and 10 micromolar, and one * denotes compounds with an IC₅₀ greater than 10 micromolar.

TABLE 4 Non-limiting Examples of Compounds of Formula I, Formula I′ and Formula I″ RT min Cmp (Method MS No. Structure Name IC₅₀ A or B) (M + 1) 74

(2S,4R)-N-(2′- chloro-2-fluoro- [1,1′-biphenyl]-3- yl)-4-fluoro-1-(2- (2-oxo-2,3-dihydro- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol-1- yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide *** 2.01 (A) 511 75

methyl 2-((tert- butoxycarbonyl) amino)-6-(3-((2S,4R)- 1-(2-(3-carbamoyl- 1H-indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-1H- benzo[d]imidazole- 4-carboxylate * 2.11 (A) 717 76

methyl 2-amino-6- (3-((2S,4R)-1-(2- (3-carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-1H- benzo[d]imidazole- 4-carboxylate *** 1.20 (A) 617 77

2-amino-6-(3- ((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-1H- benzo[d]imidazole- 4-carboxylic acid ** 0.95 (A) 603 78

(4R)-1-(2-(3- carbamoyl-5- hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)- N-(2′-chloro-2- fluoro-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3-yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.69 (A) 514 80

6-(3-((2S,4R)-1-(2- (3-acetyl-1H- indazol-1- yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-1H- benzo[d]imidazole- 4-carboxylic acid *** 1.25 (A) 587 81

methyl (6-(3- ((2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamido)-2- fluorophenyl)-7- chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 2-yl)carbamate *** 1.81 (A) 650 82

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-4- fluoro-N-(2-fluoro- 3-(2-oxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolin-6- yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide *** 1.71 (A) 572 83

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-4- fluoro-N-(2-fluoro- 3-(quinoxalin-6- yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide *** 1.82 (A) 555 84

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (1-(2-aminoethyl)- 7-chloro-1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide ** 1.30 (A) 620 85

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-4- fluoro-N-(2-fluoro- 3-(1H-indol-5- yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide *** 2.09 (A) 542 86

(1R,3S,5R)-2-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (7-chloro-1H-indol- 5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-2- azabicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-3- carboxamide * 3.03 (A) 570 87

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-((2-fluoro- 3-(3-oxo-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-5- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)- 2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.66 (A) 558 88

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-((2-fluoro- 3-(2-oxoindolin-6- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)- 2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.36 (A) 559 89

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2- ((2′-chloro-5′- (cyanocarbamoyl)- 2-fluoro-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3- yl)carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.44 (A) 606 90

1-(2-((2S,4R)-2- ((3-(7-chloro-1H- indol-5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl) carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.92 (A) 577 91

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-((2-fluoro- 3-(3-oxoisoindolin-5- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)- 2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.26 (A) 559 92

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-((2-fluoro- 3-(2-oxo-2,3- dihydrobenzo[d] oxazol-5- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)- 2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.46 (A) 561 93

1-(2-((2S,4R)-4- fluoro-2-((2-fluoro- 3-(8-oxo-5,6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthalen-2- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)- 2-oxoethyl)-1H- indazole-3- carboxamide *** 1.86 (A) 572 95

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(2′- chloro-5′- (cyanocarbamoyl)- 2-fluoro-[1,1′- biphenyl]-3-yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.76 (A) 605 96

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-4- fluoro-N-(2-fluoro- 3-(2-oxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinazolin-7- yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide *** 1.61 (A) 573 99

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (6-chloro-9H-purin- 2-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.53 (A) 579 100

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (2-aminobenzo[d] thiazol-5-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.76 (A) 575 101

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (2-aminobenzo[d] thiazol-6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.69 (A) 575 102

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- (2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinazolin- 6-yl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 1.48 (A) 587 103

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-4- fluoro-N-(2-fluoro- 3-(2- hydroxybenzo[d] thiazol-5- yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide *** 1.94 (A) 576 104

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-indazol- 1-yl)acetyl)-N-(3- ((E)-2-(4-chloro- 1H- benzo[d]imidazol- 2-yl)vinyl)-2- fluorophenyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide *** 2.05 (A) 603 106

5-(cyclohex-1-en-1- yl)-1-(2-((2S)-5- fluoro-2-((6- methylpyridin-2- yl)carbamoyl) azepan-1-yl)-2- oxoethyl)-1H- indole-3- carboxamide * 4.71 (B) 532 107

4-bromo-1-(2- ((2S,4R)-2-((6- bromopyridin-2- yl)carbamoyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidin-1- yl)-2-oxoethyl)-5- methyl-1H- pyrazole-3- carboxamide ** 1.52 (A) 531 108

(2S,4R)-1-(2-(3- acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1- yl)acetyl)-N-(6- bromopyridin-2- yl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2- carboxamide ** 1.29 (A) 437

Example 13. Human Factor D Assay

Human Factor D (purified from human serum, Complement Technology, Inc.) at 80 nM final concentration was incubated with test compound at various concentrations for 5 minutes at room temperature in 50 mM Tris, 1M NaCl, pH 7.5. A synthetic substrate Z-L-Lys-SBzl and DTNB (Ellman's reagent) were added to final concentrations of 100 μM each. Absorbance at 405 nm (A₄₀₅) was recorded at 30 second intervals for 30 minutes using a microplate spectrophotometer. IC₅₀ values were calculated by nonlinear regression of complement Factor D reaction rates as a function of test compound concentration.

Example 14. Hemolysis Assay

The hemolysis assay was previously described by G. Ruiz-Gomez, et al., J. Med. Chem. (2009) 52: 6042-6052. Prior to the assay, the optimum concentration of Normal Human Serum (NHS) needed to achieve 100% lysis of rabbit erythrocytes (RE) was determined by titration. In the assay, NHS (Complement Technology) was diluted in GVB⁰ Buffer (0.1% gelatin, 5 mM Veronal, 145 mM NaCl, 0.025% NaN₃, pH 7.3, Complement Technology) plus 10 mM Mg-EGTA and incubated with test compound at various concentrations for 15 minutes at 37° C. RE (Complement Technology) freshly suspended in GVB⁰ plus 10 mM Mg-EGTA were added to a final concentration of 1×10⁸ cells/mL and reactions were incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. Positive control reactions (100% lysis) consist of GVB⁰ plus 10 mM Mg-EGTA with NHS and RE but without test compound; negative control reactions (0% lysis) consist of GVB⁰ plus 10 mM Mg-EGTA with RE only. Samples WERE centrifuged at 2000 g for 3 minutes and supernatants collected. Absorbance at 405 nm (A₄₀₅) was recorded using a microplate spectrophotometer. IC₅₀ values were calculated by nonlinear regression from the percentage of hemolysis as a function of test compound concentration.

This specification has been described with reference to embodiments of the invention. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of invention. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of Formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A is A1; B is B3; C is C₁; L is L1; L3 is —C(O)—; L1-B3 is:

A1 is

R²⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, and (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl; each of which R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, and cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₂alkoxy, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; R^(27′) and R^(28′) are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₂-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl; each of which R^(27′) and R^(28′) other than hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, and cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₂alkoxy, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; C₁ is;

Q¹ is C(R¹R^(1′)); Q² is C(R²R^(2′)); Q³ is C(R³R^(3′)); X¹ is N and X² is CH; X¹¹ is CR¹¹; X¹² is CR¹²; X¹³ is CR¹³; X¹⁴ is CR¹⁴; R¹, R^(1′), R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) are independently chosen at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, aminoC₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —NR⁹C(O)R¹⁰, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —OC(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NR⁹C(O)OR¹⁰, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -JCHO, -JC(O)NH₂, -JC₂-C₆alkanoyl, -JC(O)NH(CH₃), -J-COOH, -JP(O)(OR⁹)₂, -JOC(O)R⁹, -JC(O)OR⁹, -JC(O)N(CH₂CH₂R⁹)(R¹⁰), -JNR⁹C(O)R¹⁰, -JSO₂NH₂, -JS(O)NH₂, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃)NH₂, -JNR⁹(C₂-C₆alkanoyl), -JNR⁹C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, -JSO₂(C₁-C₆alkyl), -JSO₂(C₁-C₆haloalkyl), -JSO₂NR⁷R⁷, -JSO═NH(C₁-C₆alkyl), -J-nitro, -J-halogen, -J-hydroxyl, -J-phenyl, -J-cyano, -J-cyanoimino, -J-amino, -J-imino, and —C₁-C₆alkyl, R⁷ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; R⁸ and R^(8′) are hydrogen; R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁-C₆alkyl; R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, —O(PO)(OR⁹)₂, —(PO)(OR⁹)₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino), C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from R³¹; R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, —COOH, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, —C(O)OR⁹, C₁-C₆thioalkyl, —C₀-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, —OC(O)R⁹, and —C(NR⁹)NR⁹R¹, each of which R³¹ other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, —COOH, —CONH₂, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy, and each of which R³¹ is also optionally substituted with one phenyl; wherein phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-C₁-C₆alkylamino)C₀-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkylester, C₁-C₂haloalkyl, and C₁-C₂haloalkoxy; and J is independently chosen at each occurrence from the group consisting of a covalent bond, C₁-C₄alkylene, —OC₁-C₄alkylene, C₂-C₄alkenylene, and C₂-C₄alkynylene.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the composition is for oral administration.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2 wherein the composition is for ocular delivery.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the composition is for intravitreal delivery.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the composition is for subchoroidal delivery.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the composition is for suprachoroidal delivery.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein C is selected from


9. A compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. The compound of claim 9 selected from

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The compound of claim 9 selected from

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The compound of claim 9 selected from

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. The compound of claim 9 selected from

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 